ntiaj teb kev ntshai

Ntiaj teb kev ntshai thiab nyob ze ntug, uas yog, ib yam dab tsi rau ib tug lig hnub tseem ceeb

Lub 50s thiab 60s lig yog lub sijhawm kub tshaj plaws ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Txias, kev ntshai loj ntawm nuclear holocaust, hnub ntawm Cuban Crisis (Lub Kaum Hli 1962) thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis loj heev los ntawm qhov kev ntshai ntawd. Soviet?Cov neeg ncig tebchaws? nkag mus hauv lub kaum hli ntuj 1957, ib hlis tom qab Laika tawm mus yam tsis tau rov qab los, thiab tib lub sijhawm, ntawm Cape Canaveral, cov neeg sau xov xwm Asmeskas pom qhov tawg ntawm Avangard TV3 foob pob hluav taws thiab txawm tuaj nrog cov npe tshwj xeeb rau nws, piv txwv li Stayputnik (los ntawm , i.e.) los yog Kaputnik.

Xeem plywood Sputnik nrog rau German ib tug tau tsim vim leej txiv ntawm American missile program yog Werner von Braun. Hnub kawg ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 1958, cov neeg Amelikas thaum kawg tau xa lawv thawj lub satellite mus rau hauv lub voj voog; ob xyoos tom qab, Yuri Gagarin tau mus rau hauv qhov chaw thiab rov qab mus rau ib hlis tom qab? nws, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub davhlau suborbital, Alan Shepard. Tom qab tag nrho cov kev siv zog ntawm qhov chaw sib tw tsis yog ntau lub teb chaws kev txaus siab ntawm cov teb chaws koom los yog (tso dag) lub siab xav tshawb nrhiav qhov tsis paub, tab sis muaj kev txaus ntshai, vim tias thawj qhov kev sim pib ntawm ICBMs tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Yim Hli 1957. Nws yog R-7 Semiorka nrog lub peev xwm nqa tau 5 Mt warhead. Sputnik, Laika, Yuri Gagarin, tag nrho cov Soviet, Lavxias teb sab thiab lwm yam cosmonauts thiab astronauts ya los ntawm Lavxias teb sab cosmodromes launched rau tom ntej, hloov thiab ntxiv nrog rau cov theem tshiab ntawm rockets ntawm hom no. Zoo yooj yim tsim!

Cov foob pob hluav taws tshuaj tau ua thiab tseem yog tib txoj hauv kev xa cov khoom thauj thiab tib neeg mus rau hauv lub voj voog thiab dhau mus, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tsis zoo. Lawv tsis tawg ntau zaus, tab sis qhov sib piv ntawm lub load rau lub ntiaj teb qis orbit (LEO) rau qhov loj ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws nws tus kheej, uas yog ib qho nyuaj rau tsim thiab tib lub sij hawm pov tseg, tseem astronomical (lus zoo!) 1 txog 400-500 (Soviet Vostok, piv txwv li hloov R-7 ntxiv rau theem thib ob, 5900 kg ib 300 kg, tshiab Soyuz 000-7100 kg ib 7800 kg foob pob hluav taws).

Lub teeb foob pob hluav taws nqa los ntawm dav hlau, zoo li hauv Asmeskas WhiteKnightTwo suborbital tourism system, tuaj yeem pab me ntsis? SpaceShipTwo (2012?). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis hloov ntau, vim tias koj tseem yuav tsum tau hlawv ib yam dab tsi thiab tshuab nws mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia kom ya mus rau lwm qhov. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias lwm txoj hauv kev raug txiav txim siab, ntawm ob qhov no yog qhov ze tshaj plaws: lub phom loj loj uas tua hluav taws nrog cov ntsiab lus uas muaj peev xwm tiv taus lub foob pob hluav taws, thiab qhov chaw elevator. Thawj qhov kev daws teeb meem twb nyob rau theem siab heev ntawm kev txhim kho, tab sis tus tsim Canadian thaum kawg yuav tsum tau txais nyiaj txiag los ntawm Saddam X. pem hauv ntej ntawm nws Brussels chav tsev. Qhov kawg, zoo li tsis muaj tseeb, tsis ntev los no tau ua ntau dua nrog kev txhim kho ntawm ultra-lightweight carbon nanotube fibers.

Ib nrab xyoo dhau los, uas yog, ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm qhov chaw tshiab, qhov ua tau zoo thiab tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej siv foob pob hluav taws heev tau yuam cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv lub zog ntau dua. Nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag tau ua haujlwm txij li nruab nrab xyoo 50s, thiab thawj lub nkoj tub rog nuclear, USS Nautilus, tau ua haujlwm. Nws tau nkag mus rau hauv kev pabcuam hauv xyoo 1954, tab sis cov reactors yog thiab tseem hnyav heev uas tom qab ob peb qhov kev sim, sim siv lawv rau cov tshuab dav hlau raug tso tseg, thiab cov phiaj xwm utopian rau lawv cov creation hauv spacecraft tsis tau tsim.

Tseem muaj qhov thib ob, kev ntxias ntau ntxiv, muaj peev xwm siv cov foob pob hluav taws xob nuclear los txhawb qhov tom kawg, uas yog, pov cov foob pob nuclear ntawm cov nkoj mus rau hauv qhov chaw. Lub tswv yim ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog nyob ntawm tus kws ua lej Polish zoo tshaj plaws thiab theoretical physicist Stanislaw Ulam, uas tau koom nrog hauv kev txhim kho Asmeskas lub foob pob tawg (Manhattan Project), thiab tom qab ntawd tus kws sau ntawv ntawm American thermonuclear foob pob (Teller- Ulam). Lub invention ntawm nuclear propulsion (1947) tau tshaj tawm tias Polish tus kws tshawb fawb lub tswv yim nyiam thiab tau tsim los ntawm ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm ntawm Orion project los ntawm 1957-61.

Phau ntawv uas kuv twv kom pom zoo rau kuv cov neeg nyeem muaj lub npe, nws tus sau yog Kenneth Brower, thiab cov cim tseem ceeb yog Freeman Dyson thiab nws tus tub George. Thawj yog tus kws tshaj lij theoretical physicist thiab lej, incl. nuclear engineering tshwj xeeb thiab Templeton nqi zog yeej. Nws coj pab pawg kws tshawb fawb nyuam qhuav hais, thiab hauv phau ntawv nws sawv cev rau lub zog ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb kom ncav cuag lub hnub qub, thaum nws tus tub txiav txim siab mus nyob hauv ib lub tsev ntoo hauv British Columbia thiab mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm Canada thiab Alaska los ntawm kayak. . nws yog tsev. Qhov no tsis txhais hais tias, txawm li cas los xij, tias tus tub muaj kaum rau xyoo tau tso lub ntiaj teb kom theej nws txiv lub txim txhaum atomic. Tsis muaj dab tsi ntawm qhov zoo, vim hais tias txawm hais tias qhov taw qhia ntawm kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab Asmeskas tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws hauv kev pom zoo ntawm ntoo thuv thiab pob zeb ntug dej hiav txwv yog ib feem ntawm kev ntxeev siab, George Dyson ua nws kayaks thiab canoes los ntawm qhov tseeb (ces) iav laminates ntawm txhuas thav ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawd, piv txwv li, tsis suav nrog cov phiaj xwm ntawm phau ntawv., rov qab mus rau lub ntiaj teb hauv tsev kawm ntawv raws li keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab tau sau, tshwj xeeb, phau ntawv hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Orion project ().

Kosmolot thiab foob pob

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tsim los ntawm Ulam yog qhov yooj yim heev, tab sis Dyson pab neeg tau siv sijhawm 4 xyoos rau Herculean txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov theoretical foundations thiab kev xav rau kev tsim lub dav hlau tshiab. Cov foob pob Atomic tsis tawg, tab sis kev sim ua tiav tau ua nyob rau hauv uas cov foob pob tawg ntawm cov nqi me me tau teeb tsa cov qauv hauv cov lus tsa suab. Piv txwv li, thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1959, tus qauv uas muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1 m sawv hauv kev tswj lub davhlau mus rau qhov siab ntawm 56 m. Ob peb lub hom phiaj loj ntawm lub dav hlau tau kwv yees, cov duab tau muab rau hauv qhov kev xav tsis meej pem, ib qho ntawm ob qhov loj tshaj plaws tsim. flaws yog daws los ntawm lub elevator saum toj no, yog li leej twg paub, tej zaum peb yuav ya qhov chaw nyob deb?!

Ulam thawj lub tswv yim pom zoo yog tias qhov tawg atomic tsis tuaj yeem raug kaw rau qee qhov chaw nyob hauv chav combustion chamber, raws li Freeman Dyson tus qauv theoretical tau xav ua ntej. Puas yog lub dav hlau tsim los ntawm pab pawg Orion yuav tsum muaj iav hlau hnyav? ib lub phaj uas sau lub zog ntawm kev tawg los ntawm cov nqi me me ejected los ntawm lub hauv paus qhov.

Lub meganewton poob siab nthwv dej ntaus lub phaj ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 30 m / s ntawm ib lub sijhawm thib ob yuav ua rau nws loj heev overloads txawm tias loj heev, thiab txawm hais tias tsim qauv tsim thiab cov khoom siv tuaj yeem tiv taus overloads txog li 000 G,? lawv xav kom lawv lub nkoj muaj peev xwm ya tau tib neeg, thiab yog li ob-theem damper system tau tsim los "tshaj tawm" nws. ruaj khov thrust los ntawm 100 mus rau 2 G rau cov neeg coob.

Lub hauv paus tsim ntawm Orion interplanetary (interplanetary) spacecraft assumed ib pawg ntawm 4000 tons, ib daim iav txoj kab uas hla ntawm 40 m, ib tug tag nrho qhov siab ntawm 60 m thiab lub hwj chim ntawm cov nqi siv ntawm 0,14 kt. Cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav tshaj plaws, piv txwv li, piv cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrog cov foob pob hluav taws classical: Orion yuav tsum siv 800 lub foob pob los tua nws tus kheej thiab 1600 tons ntawm payload rau hauv lub ntiaj teb qis (LEO), hnyav 3350 tons? Lub Saturn V los ntawm Apollo lunar program nqa 130 tons.

Sprinkling peb ntiaj chaw nrog plutonium yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov project thiab ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj rau kev tso tseg Orion tom qab kos npe ntawm Ib Feem Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Kev Cog Lus hauv xyoo 1963, uas txwv tsis pub detonation ntawm atomic nqi nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua, sab nrauv. thiab hauv qab dej. Cov lus hais saum toj no futuristic qhov chaw of elevator tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem xov tooj cua no tau zoo, thiab lub dav hlau rov qab siv tau muaj peev xwm nqa tau 800 tons ntawm cov khoom thauj mus rau orbit ncig Mars thiab rov qab yog qhov kev xav ntxias. Qhov kev suav no yog underestimated, vim tshem tawm ntawm hauv av thiab tsim siv rau hauv tus account manned davhlau nrog pom tseeb qhov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov hnyav ntawm lub shock absorbers tau nteg, yog li yog hais tias xws li ib lub tshuab muaj ib tug modular tsim nrog lub peev xwm los disassemble lub shock absorbers thiab ib feem ntawm cov neeg coob. tsis siv neeg flights ...

Lub elevator uas txav lub ntiaj teb mus deb ntawm lub dav hlau nuclear tseem yuav daws tau lwm yam teeb meem, xws li cov nyhuv ntawm electromagnetic pulses (EMP) ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias lub ntiaj teb hauv tsev tiv thaiv peb nrog Van Allen txoj siv sia los ntawm cosmic rays thiab hnub ci flares, tab sis cov neeg coob thiab cov khoom siv ntawm txhua lub nkoj hauv qhov chaw yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog ntxiv. Orions yuav muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv hluav taws xob los ntawm lub cav tawg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim iav tuab steel phaj thiab cia muaj peev xwm txawm tias cov ntaub thaiv npog ruaj khov tshaj plaws.

Cov versions tom ntej ntawm Orions muaj peev xwm nqa tau zoo dua, vim tias ... Nrog rau qhov loj ntawm 10 tons, lub zog ntawm cov loads nce mus rau 000 kt, tab sis lub load los ntawm lub ntiaj teb (tfu, tfu, apazh, theoretically rau kev sib piv) nyob rau hauv LEO twb 0,35% ntawm lub nkoj loj (61 tons. ), thiab nyob rau hauv Mars orbit nws yuav yog 6100 tons. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov haujlwm koom nrog kev tsim kho "intergalactic nkoj?" nrog rau qhov loj ntawm 5300 8 tons, uas tuaj yeem yog lub nroog tiag tiag hauv qhov chaw, thiab kev suav suav pom tias Orions siv los ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob tuaj yeem nrawm rau 000c (000% ntawm lub teeb nrawm) thiab ya mus rau lub hnub qub ze tshaj plaws rau peb, Proxima Centauri, mus txog 0,1 xyoo

Dyson pab neeg tau daws tag nrho cov teeb meem kev tsim qauv, ntau yam uas tau ua kom zoo nyob rau xyoo tom ntej los ntawm lwm cov kws tshawb fawb, ntau yam tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov kev soj ntsuam ua tau zoo thaum lub sij hawm ntsuas hauv av saum toj no. Nws tau raug pov thawj, piv txwv li, qhov hnav ntawm cov hlau los yog txhuas daim iav-absorbing phaj thaum lub sij hawm ablation (evaporation) yog tsawg, txij li thaum ntsuas kub ntawm 67 ° C, ultraviolet hluav taws xob feem ntau yog tawm, uas tsis nkag mus feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv. , tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 000 MPa tshwm sim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub phaj, ablation kuj yuav yooj yim tshem tawm tag nrho los ntawm txau lub phaj nrog roj ntawm tawg. Orionists? nws tau npaj los tsim tshwj xeeb thiab nyuaj cylindrical txav cartridges? hnyav 340 kg, tab sis tam sim no nws muaj peev xwm ua rau tawg ntawm txiav ua ib-gram "atomic ntsiav tshuaj"? laser beam, thiab xws li ib qho tawg muaj zog ntawm 140-10 tons ntawm TNT.

Saib movies

Mus ntsib thawj cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin rau Poland.

Mus ntsib thawj cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin rau Poland

Project Orion? To Mars A. Bomb 1993, 7 ntu, ua lus Askiv

Project Orion - Rau Mars nrog foob pob A. 1993

Project Orion – Rau Mars nrog foob pob A. 1993 part 2

Project Orion – Rau Mars nrog foob pob A. 1993 part 3

Project Orion – Rau Mars nrog foob pob A. 1993 part 4

Project Orion – Rau Mars nrog foob pob A. 1993 part 5

Project Orion – Rau Mars nrog foob pob A. 1993 part 6

Project Orion - Rau Mars nrog foob pob A. 1993, kawg