Tsov rog rau kev ywj pheej ntawm Ukraine 1914-1922.
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1914, Russia tau xa tsib pab tub rog (3rd, 4th, 5th, 8th, 9th) tawm tsam Austria-Hungary, ob (st thiab 1nd) tawm tsam lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas tseem tshuav nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg mus rau Austria, tawm hauv 2th Army ntawm German pem hauv ntej. (10. A tiv thaiv hiav txwv Baltic, thiab 6. A - Hiav Txwv Dub).
Ukraine tau tawm tsam kev tsov rog loj rau kev ywj pheej ib puas xyoo dhau los. Kev ua tsov ua rog ploj thiab tsis paub, vim tias nws yuav poob rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg - tom qab tag nrho, keeb kwm yog sau los ntawm cov yeej. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm kev sib faib loj, uas tau tawm tsam nrog kev tawv ncauj thiab kev ua siab ntev tsis muaj tsawg dua li kev siv zog ntawm Poland hauv kev tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej thiab ciam teb.
Qhov pib ntawm Ukrainian statehood hnub rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 988th, thiab ib puas xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1569, Prince Volodymyr lub Great tau ua kev cai raus dej. Lub xeev no hu ua Kievan Rus. Xyoo XNUMX, Rus tau kov yeej los ntawm Tatars, tab sis maj mam cov av no tau dim. Ob lub teb chaws tau tawm tsam rau Rus ', lub teb chaws uas muaj ib hom lus, ib qho kev ntseeg, ib kab lis kev cai thiab tib txoj kev lis kev cai xws li yav dhau los Kievan Rus: Grand Duchy ntawm Moscow thiab Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Hauv XNUMX, lub Crown ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Poland kuj tau koom nrog txoj haujlwm ntawm Rus '. Ob peb puas xyoo tom qab Kievan Rus, peb lub xeev successor tshwm sim: qhov twg muaj ib tug muaj zog lub hwj chim ntawm lub Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, Belarus tau tsim, qhov twg muaj ib tug muaj zog lub hwj chim ntawm Moscow, Russia sawv, thiab qhov twg muaj influences - tsis yog li ntawd. muaj zog - Ukraine tau tsim los ntawm Poland. Lub npe no tau tshwm sim vim tsis muaj peb lub tebchaws koom nrog hauv Dnieper xav muab cov neeg nyob hauv cov tebchaws ntawd muaj cai hu ua Rusyns.
Tshaj tawm ntawm Thib Peb Universal ntawm Ukrainian Central Rada, i.e. Kev tshaj tawm ntawm Ukrainian People's Republic thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 20, 1917 hauv Kyiv. Hauv qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem pom tus cwj pwm yawg suab ntawm Mikhail Khrushevsky, ib sab ntawm nws Simon Petliura.
Lub solstice tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1772. Thawj qhov kev faib tawm ntawm Polish koom pheej xyaum tsis suav nrog Poland thiab Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania los ntawm kev ua nom ua tswv. Lub Tatar lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub Crimea poob Turkish kev tiv thaiv thiab sai sai no annexed rau Moscow, thiab nws cov av tau los ua ib tug ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab colonization. Thaum kawg, Lviv thiab nws ib puag ncig tau los ntawm Austria. Qhov no stabilized qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv Ukraine rau yuav luag 150 xyoo.
Ukrainianness nyob rau hauv lub XIX caug xyoo yog feem ntau yog ib tug linguistic teeb meem, thiab yog li ntawd ib thaj chaw, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd yog ib qho kev nom kev tswv. Nws tau tham txog seb puas muaj lwm hom lus Ukrainian lossis yog tias nws yog hom lus ntawm Lavxias. Thaj chaw ntawm kev siv cov lus Ukrainian yog li txhais tau tias thaj chaw ntawm Ukraine: los ntawm Carpathians nyob rau sab hnub poob mus rau Kursk nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, los ntawm Crimea nyob rau sab qab teb mus rau Minsk-Lithuanian nyob rau sab qaum teb. Cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Moscow thiab St. Petersburg ntseeg hais tias cov inhabitants ntawm Ukraine hais lub "Me me Lavxias teb sab" hom lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus thiab yog ib feem ntawm lub "Great thiab Undivided Russia". Nyob rau hauv lem, feem ntau ntawm cov inhabitants ntawm Ukraine suav hais tias lawv cov lus yuav tsum tau cais, thiab lawv sympathies yog politically complex. Ib txhia Ukrainians xav nyob rau hauv "Great thiab Undivided Russia", ib co Ukrainians xav autonomy nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, thiab ib co xav tau ib tug ywj siab xeev. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev ywj pheej tau nce sai heev thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, uas tau cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog thiab kev nom kev tswv hauv Russia thiab Austria-Hungary.
Tsim los ntawm Ukrainian People's Republic nyob rau hauv 1917.
Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I pib thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1914. Yog vim li cas yog kev tuag ntawm Austrian thiab Hungarian txais tos rau lub zwm txwv, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Nws tau npaj ib qho kev hloov kho ntawm Austria-Hungary uas yuav ua rau cov haiv neeg tsawg yav dhau los raug tsim txom ntau txoj cai tswjfwm. Nws tuag ntawm txhais tes ntawm Serbs, uas ntshai tias kev txhim kho txoj hauj lwm ntawm Serbian haiv neeg tsawg nyob rau hauv Austria yuav cuam tshuam rau kev tsim ib tug zoo Serbia. Nws kuj tseem yuav poob rau cov neeg Lavxias, uas ntshai tias kev txhim kho hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm Ukrainian haiv neeg tsawg hauv Austria, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Galicia, yuav tiv thaiv kev tsim ntawm Russia zoo.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm Russia xyoo 1914 yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txhua tus "Lavxias teb sab", suav nrog cov neeg ntawm Przemysl thiab Uzhgorod, hais lus Ukrainian, nyob rau hauv ciam teb ntawm ib lub xeev: Great thiab Undivided Russia. Cov tub rog Lavxias tau tsom mus rau feem ntau ntawm nws cov tub rog nyob rau ciam teb nrog Austria thiab sim ua tiav qhov ntawd. Nws txoj kev vam meej yog ib feem: nws yuam cov tub rog Austro-Hungarian tso tseg thaj chaw, suav nrog Lvov, tab sis ua tsis tiav. Ntxiv mus, kev kho mob ntawm German pab tub rog raws li ib tug tsis tshua tseem ceeb yeeb ncuab coj cov Russians mus rau ib tug series ntawm defeats. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1915, cov neeg Austrian, Hungarians thiab Germans tau tswj xyuas los ntawm Gorlice pem hauv ntej thiab yuam cov Russians kom thim rov qab. Nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos tom ntej no, sab hnub tuaj pem hauv ntej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj tau nthuav tawm ntawm Riga ntawm Hiav Txwv Baltic, los ntawm Pinsk hauv nruab nrab, mus rau Chernivtsi ze ntawm Romanian ciam teb. Txawm tias qhov kev nkag ntawm lub nceeg vaj kawg rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog - nyob rau hauv 1916 nyob rau sab ntawm Russia thiab lub Entente lub xeev - ua me ntsis los hloov cov tub rog xwm txheej.
Cov tub rog xwm txheej hloov pauv nrog kev hloov pauv hauv kev nom kev tswv. Nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1917, Lub Ob Hlis Revolution tau tshwm sim, thiab thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1917, Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj Revolution (qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov npe yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab tsis - raws li nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe - lub Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub). Lub Ob Hlis Revolution tshem tawm tsar los ntawm lub hwj chim thiab muab Russia mus rau hauv lub koom pheej. Lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig rhuav tshem lub koom pheej thiab qhia Bolshevism rau hauv Russia.
Lavxias teb sab koom pheej, tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub ob hlis ntuj kiv puag ncig, sim ua ib tug civilized, kev ywj pheej lub xeev, soj ntsuam cov cai ntawm Western civilization. Lub hwj chim yuav tsum dhau mus rau cov neeg - uas tau tso tseg los ua ib tug tsarist kev kawm thiab tau los ua ib tug pej xeem ntawm lub koom pheej. Txog rau tam sim no, txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab tau ua los ntawm vaj ntxwv, lossis zoo li, nws cov neeg sawv cev, tam sim no cov pej xeem tuaj yeem txiav txim siab lawv txoj hmoo nyob rau hauv qhov chaw lawv nyob. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub ciam teb ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, ntau yam ntawm lub zos council tau tsim, uas tej yam hwj chim tau delegated. Muaj kev ywj pheej thiab humanization ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias: lub teb chaws tsim, suav nrog Ukrainian sawv daws yuav.
Nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 17, 1917, cuaj hnub tom qab pib lub Ob Hlis Revolution, Ukrainian Central Rada, sawv cev rau Ukrainians, tau tsim nyob rau hauv Kyiv. Nws tus thawj coj yog Mikhail Grushevsky, uas nws biography zoo kawg nkaus qhia txog txoj hmoo ntawm Ukrainian lub teb chaws xav. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv Chelm, nyob rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm ib tug Orthodox seminary xib fwb, coj los ntawm qhov tob ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman mus rau Russify Poland. Nws tau kawm hauv Tbilisi thiab Kyiv, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Lvov, qhov chaw ntawm Austrian tsev kawm ntawv, qhov chaw qhia yog Polish, nws tau qhia hauv Ukrainian ntawm ib qho kev kawm hu ua "Keeb kwm ntawm Ukraine-Me Russia" (nws txhawb kev siv lub npe " Ukraine" ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Kievan Rus). Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv 1905, nws tau koom nyob rau hauv lub social thiab nom tswv lub neej ntawm Kyiv. Kev tsov rog pom nws nyob rau hauv Lvov, tab sis "los ntawm peb ciam teb" nws tswj kom tau mus rau Kyiv, tsuas yog xa mus rau Siberia rau kev koom tes nrog cov Austrian. Nyob rau hauv 1917 nws tau los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm UCR, tom qab tshem tawm ntawm lub hwj chim, tom qab 1919 nws nyob rau qee lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia, los ntawm qhov chaw uas nws tawm mus rau lub Soviet Union siv lub xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj.
