Submarine killers. Aviation nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam submarines Kriegsmarine part 3
Cov khoom siv tub rog

Submarine killers. Aviation nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam submarines Kriegsmarine part 3

28.07.2022 /

Escort aircraft carrier USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60). Muaj 12 Avengers thiab cuaj Wildcats ntawm lub nkoj.

Txoj hmoo ntawm U-Bootwaffe nyob rau hauv 1944-1945 qhia txog qhov maj mam tab sis tsis pom kev poob ntawm Thib Peb Reich cov tub rog. Cov phoojywg zoo tshaj plaws hauv huab cua, dej hiav txwv, thiab crypto txiaj thaum kawg tau qhia cov nplai hauv lawv qhov kev nyiam. Txawm hais tias muaj kev sib cais ua tiav thiab kev qhia txog kev daws teeb meem thev naus laus zis, Kriegsmarine submarine nkoj tau tso tseg tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tiag tiag ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntxiv thiab tuaj yeem, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, "yav nrog kev hwm" mus rau hauv qab.

Lub specter ntawm Allied landings nyob rau hauv Norway los yog Fabkis txhais tau hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov Kriegsmarine submarine rog tau nres rau kev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv lub Atlantic, submarines, koom nyob rau hauv ib pab pawg neeg, yuav tsum tau mus txuas ntxiv ua hauj lwm tawm tsam convoys, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug me me nplai thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj, yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug amphibious tsaws lawv yuav tua lub ntxeem tau fleet sai li sai tau. . ua tau.

Raws li Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1944, muaj 160 submarines hauv kev pabcuam: 122 Hom VIIB / C / D, 31 Hom IXB / C (tsis suav ob hom VIIF torpedo bombers thiab rau hom II me me hauv Hiav Txwv Dub), tsib "submarines "cruisers" hom IXD2, ib lub minelayer hom XB thiab ib lub nkoj xa khoom hom XIV (lub thiaj li hu ua "mis nyuj"). Lwm 181 tau raug tsim kho thiab 87 tau nyob rau hauv kev cob qhia neeg coob, tab sis cov nkoj tshiab tsis tshua muaj txaus los them cov kev poob tam sim no. Nyob rau lub Ib Hlis, 20 submarines tau commissioned, tab sis 14 poob lawm; Thaum Lub Ob Hlis, 19 lub nkoj nkag mus rau kev pabcuam, thaum 23 raug tshem tawm; Nyob rau lub Peb Hlis muaj 19 thiab 24 feem. Ntawm 160 kev sib ntaus sib tua submarines uas cov Germans nkag mus rau xyoo thib tsib ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, 128 nyob rau hauv Atlantic, 19 nyob rau hauv Norway thiab 13 nyob rau hauv Mediterranean. Nyob rau hauv lub hlis tom ntej, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Hitler, lub zog ntawm ob pab pawg kawg tau nce - ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub Atlantic fleet, tus naj npawb ntawm cov uas tau maj mam txo.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov Germans tau ua haujlwm los kho cov khoom siv submarine kom txhim kho lawv txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv lub dav hlau. Lub npe hu ua snorkels (snorkels) ua rau nws tuaj yeem nqus cua mus rau hauv lub cav diesel thiab tso pa tawm thaum lub nkoj txav ntawm qhov tob periscope. Cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis no, txawm hais tias nws tso cai rau kev taug kev mus ntev nrog cov cua ntsawj ntshab, muaj qhov tsis zoo. Internal combustion engines, vim lawv cov suab nrov, ua rau nws yooj yim mus ntes lub nkoj los ntawm cov suab nrov indicators, as well as visually, ua tsaug rau cov pa gases floating saum dej. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, lub nkoj "daws" (tsis tuaj yeem siv hydrophones) thiab "dig muag" (muaj zog vibration ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem siv lub periscope). Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov "notches" protruding tshuav ib qho me me tab sis pom pom ntawm cov dej saum npoo av, thiab nyob rau hauv cov huab cua zoo (nqus seas) ASV radar tuaj yeem ntes tau. Ua kom qhov teeb meem loj dua, yog tias "snores" raug dej nyab los ntawm dej hiav txwv nthwv dej, lub cuab yeej cia li kaw cov cua nkag, uas cov cav pib coj los ntawm sab hauv lub nkoj, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov neeg coob. U-2 tau dhau los ua thawj lub nkoj nruab nrog lub qhov ntswg mus rau lub hom phiaj sib ntaus sib tua (Lub Ib Hlis 539, los ntawm Lorient).

Thaum lub xyoo kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau rau submarines muaj ob rab phom 20 hli thiab ib rab phom 37 hli. Cov Germans tsis muaj cov khoom siv raw cov tswv yim, yog li cov phom 37 hli tshiab muaj cov khoom ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug corrosion, uas ua rau cov phom jamming. Radar ntes tau raug txhim kho tas li, uas, thaum ntog, ceeb toom lub nkoj tias nws tau taug qab los ntawm onboard radar ntawm lub dav hlau lossis lub nkoj ya. FuMB-10 Borkum suite, uas tau hloov FuMB-9 Wanze (tso tseg lig xyoo 1943), tau tshawb nrhiav ntau yam, tab sis tseem nyob hauv qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tawm los ntawm cov neeg laus ASV Mk II radars. Lub FuMB-7 Naxos tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua, kev ua haujlwm hauv qhov ntev ntawm 8 txog 12 cm - kuaj pom cov tshiab, 10 cm ASV Mk III thiab VI radars (siv S-band).

Lwm lub cuab yeej rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Allied Air Force yog FuMT-2 Thetis simulator. Commissioned nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1944, nws yog npaj los xyaum ib tug submarine nrog radar echoes thiab yog li provoke tawm tsam ntawm lub hom phiaj xav. Nws muaj ib tug mast ob peb meters siab, uas dipole kav hlau txais xov tau txuas, mounted rau ntawm ib tug ntab uas tuav cov cuab yeej rau saum npoo dej. Cov neeg German cia siab tias cov "decoys," uas tau xa mus rau ntau tus hauv Bay of Biscay, yuav cuam tshuam rau cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau.

Nyob rau sab Europe ntawm Atlantic, kev ua tsov rog tiv thaiv submarine txuas ntxiv yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm British Coastal Command, uas, txij li 1 Lub Ib Hlis 1944, muaj cov tub rog hauv qab no muaj rau lub hom phiaj no:

    • 15. Pawg: 59 thiab 86 Squadrons RAF (Liberatory Mk V/IIIA) ntawm Ballykelly, Northern Ireland; No. 201 Squadron RAF thiab Nos. 422 thiab 423 Squadrons RCAF (Sunderland Mk III flying boats) ntawm Archdale Castle, Northern Ireland;
    • 16. Pawg: 415 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XIII) ntawm Birkham Newton, East Anglia; 547. Sqn RAF (Liberatory Mk V) ntawm Thorney Island, yav qab teb Askiv;
    • 18. Pawg: No. 210 Squadron RAF (Catalina Mk IB/IV flying boats) and Norwegian No. 330 Squadron RAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) at Sullom Voe, Shetland;
    • 19. Pawg: 10 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) ntawm Mount Batten, South West England; No. 228 Squadron RAF thiab No. 461 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk III) ntawm Pembroke Dock, Wales; No. 172 and 612 Squadrons RAF and No. 407 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XII/XIV) at Chivenor, South West England; 224. RAF Squadron (Liberatory Mk V) hauv St. Eval, Cornwall; VB-103, -105 thiab -110 (US Navy Liberator Squadrons, 7th Naval Airlift Wing, ua haujlwm subordinate rau Coastal Command) ntawm Dunkswell, South West England; No. 58 thiab 502 Squadrons RAF (Halifaxy Mk II) hauv St. Davids, Wales; 53 thiab Czech 311 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) ntawm Beaulieu, yav qab teb Askiv; Polish No. 304 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV) ntawm Preannac, Cornwall.

No. 120 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk I/III/V) tau nyob ntawm Reykjavik, Iceland; ntawm Gibraltar, No. 202 Squadron RAF (Cataliny Mk IB/IV) and Nos. 48 and 233 Squadron RAF (Hudsony Mk III/IIIA/VI); ntawm Langens, Azores, Nos. 206 thiab 220 Squadrons RAF (Flying Fortresses Mk II/IIA), No. 233 Squadron RAF (Hudson Mk III/IIIA) thiab detachment ntawm No. 172 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV), thiab hauv Algeria 500. Sqn RAF (Hudson Mk III/V and Ventury Mk V).

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov chav nruab nrog Beaufighter thiab Mosquito fighters tau koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv submarine, nrog rau ntau tus tub rog British Commonwealth squadrons ua haujlwm sab nraum Coastal Command nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Mediterranean thiab sab ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Africa. Lub ntug dej hiav txwv Asmeskas tau saib xyuas los ntawm ntau pab tub rog ntawm US Navy, Canadian thiab Brazilian aviation, tab sis xyoo 1944-1945 lawv tau xyaum tsis muaj leej twg tawm tsam. US Naval Air Wing 15 (FAW-15) tau nyob hauv Morocco nrog peb lub Liberator squadrons (VB-111, -112 thiab -114; tom kawg los ntawm Lub Peb Hlis): ob Ventur (VB-127 thiab -132) thiab ib Catalin (VP — 63).

Ntxiv ib saib