Carrier Killers Vol. ib
Missile cruiser Moskva (yav tas los Slava), tus chij ntawm Dub hiav txwv Fleet ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, tam sim no saib. Qhov ntev ntawm chav tsev, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov "roj teeb" ntawm Bazalt foob pob hluav taws, ua rau cov neeg tsis paub tshwj xeeb, tab sis nws tsis pub leej twg paub tias lub nkoj thiab nws cov cuab yeej siv riam phom tau tsim los siv rau hauv qhov sib txawv kiag li li niaj hnub no. Nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv huab cua niaj hnub no, Project 1164 cruisers thiab lawv cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb niaj hnub no tsuas yog "daim ntawv tsov".
Cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation tam sim no yog ib tug duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm lub qub zog ntawm lub Soviet Navy. Txawm hais tias muaj kev siv zog ntawm kev lag luam shipbuilding thiab naval riam phom manufacturers, Moscow tam sim no muaj peev xwm them taus qhov siab tshaj plaws kev tsim kho ntawm corvettes, txawm tias tsis zoo tshaj plaws. Kev nplua nyiaj txiag, txiav tawm los ntawm cov neeg koom tes thiab cuam tshuam ntawm cov saw hlau los ntawm cov qub Soviet koom pheej - feem ntau yog Ukraine, poob kev paub ntawm kev tsim bureaus, tsis muaj shipyards nrog lub hauv paus kev tsim nyog los yog, thaum kawg, tsis muaj nyiaj txiag, yuam Kremlin cov tub ceev xwm saib. tom qab cov nkoj loj ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los, uas ua txuj ci tseem ceeb muaj sia nyob tam sim no.
Cov tub rog niaj hnub no tau txav deb ntawm cov nkoj nkoj hauv chav kawm. Txawm tias US Navy tau tshem tawm qee qhov ntawm Ticonderoga-chav units, uas tseem qis dua qhov loj rau qhov tseeb Arleigh Burke-class destroyer variants. Ib tug me ntsis "random" peb loj Zumwalt-chav tsev destroyers ntawm 16 tons yuav tau raug cais raws li cruisers, tab sis qhov no tsis tshwm sim. Nws cov nuj nqis tsuas yog lees paub qhov kev tshawb fawb thaum hnub poob ntawm cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua loj heev (peb tsis tau tham txog cov neeg nqa dav hlau, vim tias tsis muaj).
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Russia, uas khaws cia nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam unsolete units ntawm chav kawm ntawv no, lub nuclear-powered Project 1144 Orlan, los yog lawv cov roj turbine sib npaug nrog ib tug me me hloov chaw, Project 1164 Atlant ships ntawm ib tug zoo xws li cov loj, zoo rau dej hiav txwv ua hauj lwm thiab ya. chij. Yog li ntawd, ib tug loj-scale modernization ntawm Admiral Nakhimov (ex-Kalinin) yog ua raws li qhov project 11442M, uas yog ua ntej los ntawm renovation tsim nyog rau lub chav tsev txav nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub hwj chim ... Tau kawg, tshiab designs ntawm riam phom. thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, suav nrog cov "media" missile system 3K14 "Caliber-NK" " Ntawm qhov tod tes, peb lub nkoj nkoj ntawm Project 1164 yog qhov zoo dua thiab, pheej yig dua rau kev khiav lag luam thiab tswj, tseem nyiam cov yeeb ncuab uas muaj peev xwm, tab sis vim lawv qhov loj me, thiab tsis yog lawv qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tiag tiag.
Cov tsos ntawm missile cruisers ntawm lub Soviet Union armed nrog coj los tiv thaiv lub nkoj missiles nyob rau hauv lub Navy (Navy) yog txuam nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau ua zoo ua ib tug ntawm nws cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb - yuav tsum tau ua kom puas aircraft carriers thiab lwm yam loj nto ships. "tus yeeb ncuab muaj peev xwm" sai li sai tau thaum muaj kev tsov rog yog ib lo lus siv los piav txog Tebchaws Meskas thiab nws cov phoojywg NATO.
Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb no uas tau teeb tsa nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-50s thaum ntawd-Soviet tus thawj coj Nikita Khrushchev hu ua American aircraft carriers "floating airfields of aggression." Txij li thaum USSR tsis tuaj yeem, vim nws txoj kev lag luam tsis muaj zog thiab kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam rov qab, tawm tsam lawv nrog kev pab los ntawm nws tus kheej aviation, ib qho lus teb asymmetric raug xaiv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ntev-ntev hiav txwv tiv thaiv nkoj missiles thiab lawv nto. thiab underwater carriers.
Lub Varyag (yav tas los Krasnaya Ukraina) tua 4K80 P-500 Bazalt anti-mole missile, lub ntsiab riam phom ntawm " aircraft carrier killers". Raws li qee qhov kev tshawb fawb, Wariaga tau ua tub rog nrog P-1000 Wulkan system tshiab.
Soviet txoj kev mus rau missile cruiser
Cov xwm txheej saum toj no, nrog rau kev ua tiav los ntawm Soviet tub rog-kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws, ua rau lub fact tias lawv tau pib siv zog tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR nyob rau hauv lub 50-60s. Tshiab tsim bureaus thiab ntau lawm tuam txhab uas muag tau tsim, uas pib tsim tshiab missile systems nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev siv, nrog rau, tau kawg, rau VMU.
Tsuas yog cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab hauv xyoo 1955 ntawm kev tsim cov phom loj loj 68bis Admiral Nakhimov nyob rau hauv qhov project 67EP rau hauv lub nkoj sim nruab nrog cov kev sim launcher uas tso cai rau koj mus tua KSS missile aircraft, thawj Soviet nto nkoj nqa los tiv thaiv missile tiv thaiv. - tus destroyer ntawm qhov project yog ib lub nkoj-guided anti-ship riam phom.56
Lub nkoj no tau hloov dua siab tshiab hauv xyoo 1958 mus rau hauv lub foob pob hluav taws nyob rau hauv qhov project 56E, thiab tom qab ntawd 56EM, ntawm Shipyard muaj npe tom qab. 61 Communards nyob rau hauv Nikolaev. Los ntawm xyoo 1959, lub nkoj tau txais peb lub foob pob hluav taws ntau ntxiv, rov tsim kho raws li qhov kev hloov kho me ntsis 56M.
Raws li nrog Bedovs, lawv cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb yog ib qho SM-59 (SM-59-1) rotary launcher nrog cov lus qhia truss rau firing 4K32 "Pike" (KSSzcz, "Ship Plhaub Pike") R-1 anti-ship missile. . Strela system thiab ib phau ntawv xov xwm rau XNUMX lub foob pob hluav taws (hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nws tuaj yeem nqa ob qho ntxiv - ib qho los ntawm kev muab tso rau hauv ib lub tsev khaws khoom, lwm qhov ntawm qhov chaw tswj xyuas ua ntej, pom zoo rau kev tsis zoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm kev npaj cov cuaj luaj. rau kev tso tawm).
Tom qab lub commissioning nyob rau hauv 1960-1969 ntawm yim loj Project 57bis destroyers, ua los ntawm kos raws li missile carriers, nrog ob tug SM-59-1 launchers thiab ob zaug lub missile muaj peev xwm ntawm Project 56E / EM / 56M, USSR Navy muaj 12 missile destroyers. (txij li lub Tsib Hlis 19, 1966 - cov nkoj loj loj), muaj peev xwm tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab loj ntawm lub hom phiaj sab nraud ntawm lawv cov riam phom tua hluav taws (ntawm chav kawm, tshwj tsis yog cov dav hlau dav hlau).
Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev los no - vim kev laus sai ntawm KSSzcz missiles (qiv los ntawm German kev tsim kho thaum lub sij hawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob), qhov hluav taws kub tsawg, me me ntawm cov cuaj luaj nyob rau hauv salvo, siab ua txhaum ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab lwm yam. 57bis series ntawm ships. raug txiav lawm. Noj mus rau hauv tus account lub dynamic txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab NATO lub teb chaws ntawm niaj hnub shipborne huab cua tiv thaiv systems, xws li missile tiv thaiv, ib tug loj thiab outdated KSSzch, yuav tsum tau ib tug cuaj-feeb reloader ntawm lub launcher thiab npaj nws rau rov firing (pre-launch tswj, tis sib dhos, refueling, tso rau ntawm ib qho kev qhia, thiab lwm yam.) ...), tsis muaj lub caij nyoog ntawm kev ua tiav ntaus lub hom phiaj hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Lwm cov nkoj ntog tsim los tawm tsam cov neeg nqa dav hlau yog cov foob pob hluav taws tua hluav taws ntawm Project 58 "Grozny" (los ntawm Lub Cuaj Hli 29, 1962 - missile cruisers), armed nrog ob plaub quadruple SM-70 P-35 anti-ship missile launchers, kuj siv los ntawm cov kua. roj turbojet lub cav, tab sis muaj peev xwm khaws cia ntev hauv lub xeev fueled. Lub taub hau muaj 16 lub foob pob hluav taws, yim qhov uas nyob hauv launchers, thiab tus so hauv khw (plaub ib lub launcher).
Thaum firing nyob rau hauv ib tug salvo ntawm yim R-35 missiles, qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntaus yam tsawg kawg yog ib tug ntawm lawv ntawm lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv lub attacked pab pawg neeg ntawm ships (aircraft carrier los yog lwm yam tseem ceeb nkoj) ho nce. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj ntau yam tsis txaus, suav nrog kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv ntawm Project 58 cruisers, cov koob tau txwv rau plaub lub nkoj (tawm ntawm 16 qhov kev npaj ua ntej).
Cov chav nyob ntawm tag nrho cov hom no raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ib qho, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb, qhov tsis zoo - lawv txoj kev ywj pheej tsis tshua muaj rau kev taug qab mus ntev ntawm pab pawg tawm tsam nrog lub dav hlau thauj khoom thaum lub sij hawm saib xyuas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias nws yuav tsum tau nqa lub dav hlau nuclear-powered rau ob peb hnub ua ke thaum ua ib qho kev khiav tawm. . Qhov no yog deb tshaj qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov nkoj loj foob pob hluav taws.
Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov nkoj ntawm USSR thiab NATO hauv xyoo 60s yog Hiav Txwv Mediterranean, qhov chaw ua haujlwm 14th ntawm VMP (Mediterranean) ua haujlwm txij Lub Xya Hli 1967, 5, suav nrog 70-80 nkoj los ntawm cov nkoj ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub, Baltic thiab Northern fleets. Ntawm cov no, txog 30 lub nkoj ua rog: 4-5 nuclear submarines thiab mus txog 10 diesel-hluav taws xob submarines, 1-2 lub nkoj tawm tsam pawg (thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm qhov xwm txheej lossis ntau dua), pawg trawl, tus so tau koom nrog kev ruaj ntseg rog. (rhiav, tankers, hiav txwv tug, thiab lwm yam).
US Navy suav nrog 6th Fleet nyob rau hauv Hiav Txwv Mediterranean, tsim thaum Lub Rau Hli 1948. Nyob rau xyoo 70-80. Muaj 30-40 lub nkoj ua rog: ob lub dav hlau thauj khoom, lub nyoob hoom qav taub, ob lub foob pob hluav taws, 18-20 ntau lub hom phiaj escort nkoj, 1-2 lub nkoj xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb thiab txog rau rau ntau lub hom phiaj submarines. Feem ntau, ib pab pawg neeg tawm tsam ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw Naples, thiab lwm qhov hauv Haifa. Yog tias tsim nyog, cov neeg Asmeskas tau xa nkoj los ntawm lwm lub chaw ua yeeb yam mus rau Mediterranean. Ntxiv rau lawv, kuj tseem muaj kev ua rog (xws li cov dav hlau thauj khoom thiab cov nkoj hauv nkoj nuclear), nrog rau cov dav hlau hauv av los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws NATO, suav nrog Tebchaws Askiv, Fabkis, Ltalis, Tim Nkij teb chaws, Qaib ntxhw, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Netherlands. nquag ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam no.
