Hom kev kos npe rau xyoo 2022 hauv cov duab
Txheem
Cov kev cai hauv lub tebchaws tso cai siv ntau pua txoj kev qhia, uas txawv ntawm lub hom phiaj, qhov xav tau, qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv thov, cov duab thiab xim siv. Kab lus no piav qhia txog txoj kev kos npe nrog cov lus piav qhia, uas muaj 8 pawg, koom ua ke los ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm sab nraud.
Kev cai tsheb ntawm txoj kev kos npe
Txoj kev kos npe yog ib daim duab lossis kos npe rau ntawm txoj kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm txoj kev nyob rau hauv txoj kev pej xeem. Lawv raug teeb tsa los qhia rau cov neeg tsav tsheb thiab lwm cov neeg siv txoj kev txog qhov sib thooj lossis qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv hauv txoj kev, kev hloov hauv hom tsheb, lossis xa lwm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.
National pointers yog standardized. Lawv qhov sib npaug tag nrho yog siv nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws kos npe rau Vienna Convention on Road Signals thiab Signals. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm txhua txoj kev kos npe tau muab rau hauv Cov Ntawv Ntxiv 1 rau Cov Cai ntawm Txoj Kev ntawm Lavxias Federation.
Kev cai txhim kho
Txhua qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm txoj kev kos npe thiab kev teeb tsa yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov qauv hauv tebchaws tam sim no GOST R 52289-2004 thiab GOST R 52290-2004. Rau cov cim tshiab tsim nyob rau xyoo tas los no, tau txais ib qho ntxiv GOST R 58398-2019.
Cov qauv xaiv xa mus rau qhov chaw ntawm kev teeb tsa ntawm cov paib. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau teeb tsa ua ntej, lwm tus - ncaj qha rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov khoom lossis hom hloov chaw.
Qhov chaw nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm txoj kev kuj yuav txawv. Piv txwv li, cov kab cim kab nyob saum txoj kev. Feem ntau ntawm lwm tus yog nyob rau sab xis ntawm txoj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev khiav tsheb.
Примечание
Yog tias cov cim qhia ntawm ntau hom yuav tsum tau muab ntsia rau ntawm tib tus ncej, cov kev ntsuas hauv qab no yuav tsum tau siv: thawj cov cim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, tom qab ntawd cov cim ceeb toom, tom qab ntawd cov cim qhia thiab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb, tom qab ntawd cov cim txwv tsis pub. Cov cim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev pabcuam, uas tau muab tso rau hauv txoj cai lossis qis tshaj.
Pawg ntawm txoj kev kos npe
Nyob rau hauv Russia, ib yam li lwm lub teb chaws uas tau pom zoo rau Vienna Convention on Road Signs, tag nrho cov paib txoj kev tau muab faib ua 8 pawg.
1. Ceeb toom
Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov cim ceeb toom yog qhia rau tus neeg tsav tsheb tias lawv tab tom mus txog thaj chaw uas yuav muaj kev phom sij rau lub tsheb, lwm tus neeg siv txoj kev lossis cov neeg taug kev. Tus neeg tsav tsheb yuav tsum coj cov ntaub ntawv no mus rau hauv tus account thiab nqis tes los txhim kho txoj kev nyab xeeb. Piv txwv li, qeeb qeeb, npaj los ua kom tiav, lossis ua tib zoo saib ntawm qhov thaiv. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ua txhaum cov cai ntawm xws li cov paib - lawv tsuas qhia rau cov neeg tsav tsheb thiab tsis txwv ib tug maneuvers.
Cov paib no feem ntau yog daim duab peb sab uas muaj ciam teb liab. Lub ntsiab keeb kwm yav dhau yog dawb thiab cov duab yog dub. Cov kev zam yog cov uas qhia txog kev hla theem thiab qhia txog kev tig.
2. Txwv tsis pub
Cov paib txwv tsis pub qhia txog kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev sib tw - hla, nres, tig, tig ntawm qhov chaw, hla, thiab lwm yam. Kev ua txhaum cai ntawm cov paib no yog ua txhaum txoj cai tsheb thiab raug nplua. Cov cim qhia tias tshem tawm qhov kev txwv yav dhau los kuj suav nrog hauv pab pawg no.
Tag nrho cov cim ntawm pab pawg no muaj ib puag ncig, thiab cov xim tseem ceeb yog dawb. Cov cim txwv tsis pub muaj ciam teb liab, thiab cov cim txwv tsis pub muaj ciam teb dub. Cov xim siv hauv cov duab yog liab, dub, thiab xiav.
Cov paib ntawm cov pab pawg no raug teeb tsa rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kev sib tshuam thiab kev hloov pauv thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, tsis pub dhau 25 m hauv kev sib hais haum thiab tsis pub dhau 50 m sab nraud. Qhov kev txwv tsis pub siv tau tom qab kos npe los yog kev sib tshuam.
3. Qhov muaj feem thib ua cim
Siv los txiav txim seb qhov kev txiav txim ntawm txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev sib tshuam thiab ntu ntawm txoj kev uas tsis muaj qhov dav txaus. Cov no suav nrog cov classic "muab txoj hauv kev nrog qhov tseem ceeb", "txoj kev loj" cov paib, thiab lwm yam.
Cov cim qhia ntawm hom no yog khob tawm ntawm cov qauv duab ib txwm muaj - lawv tuaj yeem ua txhua yam zoo, thiab cov xim siv yog liab, dub, dawb, xiav thiab daj. Cov cim tseem ceeb raug ntsia tam sim ua ntej pib ntawm txoj kev loj, tawm, kev sib tshuam, kev sib tshuam. Daim paib "End ntawm txoj kev loj" yog ntsia rau pem hauv ntej ntawm qhov kawg ntawm txoj kev loj.
4. Ntawv sau
Cov cim taw qhia qhia txog lub luag haujlwm los ua ib qho maneuver, xws li tig los yog tsav ncaj nraim rau pem hauv ntej. Kev ua tsis tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua yog suav tias yog kev ua txhaum cai tsheb thiab raug nplua.
Cov tsheb kauj vab thiab cov neeg taug kev kuj tseem muaj cov cim qhia no. Ntxiv rau qhov no, tsuas yog cov neeg taug kev lossis cov neeg caij tsheb kauj vab raug tso cai txav mus.
Cov cim qhia feem ntau yog lub voj voog zoo li lub ntsej muag xiav. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog "Kev taw qhia ntawm cov khoom phom sij", uas muaj cov duab plaub.
Yuav tsum tau kos npe rau yog ntsia ua ntej pib ntawm ntu uas yuav tsum tau ua ntawm maneuver. Qhov kawg yog qhia los ntawm qhov sib thooj kos npe nrog tus lej liab. Thaum tsis muaj daim npav liab, daim paib yuav tsum tsis siv tau tom qab kev sib tshuam lossis, yog tias koj tsav tsheb ntawm txoj kev hauv tebchaws, tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev sib hais haum.
5. Cov cim ntawm cov kev cai tshwj xeeb
Lawv tswj kev taw qhia lossis tshem tawm cov kev cai tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsheb. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev tso cai thiab cov ntaub ntawv qhia kev qhia rau cov neeg siv txoj kev hais txog kev qhia txog kev tsav tsheb tshwj xeeb thiab qhia txog kev pom zoo ntawm kev ua. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog cov paib qhia txog kev loj, kev hla kev taug kev, nres tsheb thauj neeg pej xeem, thaj chaw nyob, caij tsheb kauj vab thiab cov neeg taug kev, qhov pib thiab qhov kawg ntawm thaj chaw nyob, thiab lwm yam.
Cov cim ntawm hom no yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub square lossis duab plaub, feem ntau yog xiav. Cov paib qhia tias txoj kev khiav tawm thiab kev tawm mus muaj xim ntsuab tom qab. Cov paib qhia tias nkag / tawm mus rau thaj chaw tsheb tshwj xeeb muaj keeb kwm dawb.
6. Xov xwm
Cov ntawv qhia cov paib qhia rau cov neeg siv txoj kev txog qhov chaw ntawm thaj chaw nyob, nrog rau kev qhia txog kev yuav tsum tau ua lossis kev pom zoo rau kev tsav tsheb. Hom kev kos npe no qhia rau cov neeg tsav tsheb thiab cov neeg taug kev txog qhov chaw ntawm cov neeg taug kev hla, txoj kev, lub nroog thiab cov nroog, chaw nres tsheb npav, dej ntws, tsev cia puav pheej, tsev so, thiab lwm yam.
Cov ntaub ntawv qhia feem ntau yog cov duab plaub thiab squares nrog xiav, ntsuab lossis dawb tom qab. Rau cov ntaub ntawv qhia ib ntus, siv keeb kwm daj.
7. Pab cim ua haujlwm
Cov paib kev pabcuam yog siv rau cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm nkaus xwb thiab tsis muaj cov lus qhia rau cov neeg siv txoj kev. Lawv lub hom phiaj yog qhia rau cov neeg tsav tsheb lossis cov neeg taug kev txog qhov chaw ntawm cov chaw pabcuam xws li tsev kho mob, chaw nres tsheb roj, xov tooj rau pej xeem, ntxuav tsheb, chaw nres tsheb roj, chaw ua si, thiab lwm yam.
Cov cim kev pabcuam yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim duab plaub xiav, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug dawb square nrog ib tug duab los yog ib tug inscription. Nyob rau hauv nroog tej yam kev mob, cov paib kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub tam sim ntawd ib ncig ntawm cov khoom; ntawm txoj kev nyob deb nroog, lawv nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm ob peb puas meters mus rau ntau kaum mais ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej. Cov cim qhia ntxiv yog siv los qhia qhov nrug deb.
8. Kos npe nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv (phaj)
Siv ua ke nrog lub cim tseem ceeb. Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov paib no yog txwv lossis qhia meej txog txoj kev loj. Lawv kuj tseem yuav muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv tseem ceeb rau cov neeg siv txoj kev.
Cov paib yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub duab plaub dawb, qee zaum ib square. Cov duab lossis cov ntawv sau rau ntawm cov paib yog ua dub. Feem ntau ntawm cov cim qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv yog nyob hauv qab lub ntsiab kos npe. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob overload tus neeg tsav tsheb nrog cov ntaub ntawv, tsis muaj ntau tshaj ob lub cim tuaj yeem siv ua ke nrog cov cim tseem ceeb tib lub sijhawm.
Cov lus cim
| Hom | Lub Sijhawm | Daim ntawv | piv txwv |
| Ua ntej | Muab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tshuam, U-tig thiab lwm qhov chaw txaus ntshai | Yuav ua tau tej yam zoo li, siv liab los yog dub ciam teb | "Muab txoj kev", "txoj kev loj", "tsis nres". |
| Cov cim ceeb toom | Ceeb toom ntawm kev mus txog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm txoj kev | Dawb daim duab peb sab nrog liab ciam teb, tshwj tsis yog rau cov taw qhia taw qhia thiab theem hla | "Ntuj Ntsig", "Ntuj Ntog", "Txoj Kev Nkoj", "Tsiaj qus", "Txoj Kev", "Cov me nyuam". |
| Txwv tsis pub | Txwv tsis pub ib qho maneuver tshwj xeeb, kuj qhia txog kev tshem tawm ntawm kev txwv | Hloov cov duab, nrog tus ciam teb liab los qhia txog kev txwv txiav, nrog rau ciam teb dub los qhia txog kev tshem tawm ntawm kev txwv. | "Tsis Muaj Kev Nkag", "Tsis Muaj Kev Tshaj Tawm", "Qhov hnyav txwv", "Tsis tig", "Tsis muaj chaw nres tsheb", "Xaiv tag nrho cov kev txwv". |
| Ua ntej | Kev pom zoo rau ib qho maneuver tshwj xeeb | Feem ntau yog lub voj voog xiav, tab sis cov kev xaiv duab plaub kuj ua tau | "Txoj Cai", "Roundabout", "Sidewalk". |
| Cov Kev Cai Tshwj Xeeb | Tsim lossis tshem tawm hom kev tsav tsheb | Dawb, xiav lossis ntsuab duab plaub | "Freeway", "End of Freeway", "Tram Stop", "Artificial Potholes", "End of Pedestrian Zone". |
| ntaub ntawv | Muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov chaw nyob thiab lwm qhov chaw, nrog rau kev txwv ceev. | Rectangular los yog square, xiav, dawb los yog daj. | "Object name", "Underpass", "Dig muag qhov muag", "Distance indicator", "Stop line". |
| Cov cim kev pabcuam | Ceeb toom txog qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv | Ib daim duab plaub xiav nrog ib daim ntawv sau dawb square. | "Xov tooj", "Tsev Kho Mob", "Police", "Hotel", "Road Post", "Gas Station". |
| cov lus qhia ntxiv | Qhia meej cov ntaub ntawv rau lwm cov paib thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau cov neeg siv txoj kev | Lawv yog vaj huam sib luag-puab nrog ib tug dawb keeb kwm yav dhau thiab dub ntawv los yog duab. | "Cov neeg taug kev dig muag", "Tswj lub tsheb thauj khoom", "Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm", "chaw ua haujlwm", "Nyob deb ntawm qhov chaw". |
Cov cim tshiab
Nyob rau hauv 2019, ib tug tshiab lub teb chaws tus qauv GOST R 58398-2019 tau txais yuav, uas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, qhia tshiab sim txoj kev qhia. Tam sim no cov neeg tsav tsheb yuav tsum tau siv rau cov paib tshiab, piv txwv li, rau kev txwv tsis pub nkag mus rau hauv kev sib tshuam thaum muaj tsheb thauj mus los, sib npaug ntawm "waffle" cov paib. Tseem yuav muaj cov cim tshiab ntawm cov kab mob siab rau kev thauj mus los rau pej xeem, txoj kab tshiab, thiab lwm yam.
Tsis tsuas yog cov neeg tsav tsheb, tab sis kuj cov neeg taug kev yuav tsum tau siv rau cov paib tshiab. Piv txwv li, kos npe 5.19.3d thiab 5.19.4d qhia kab pheeb ces kaum ntawm cov neeg taug kev hla.
Nco ntsoov
Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov paib yuav hloov. Txij li tam sim no, lawv qhov loj me yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 40 cm los ntawm 40 cm, thiab qee zaum - 35 cm los ntawm 35 cm. Cov cim me me yuav tsis thaiv qhov pom ntawm cov neeg tsav tsheb thiab yuav siv rau ntawm txoj kev loj uas tsis muaj kev kub ceev thiab hauv nroog keeb kwm. thaj chaw.
Yuav ua li cas kuaj koj tus kheej kom paub txog cov paib
Yuav kom xeem dhau qhov kev xeem, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm cov tsev kawm tsav tsheb hauv Moscow yuav tsum paub txhua txoj kev kos npe. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias cov neeg tsav tsheb uas muaj kev paub dhau los yuav tsum paub txog cov cim qhia kev yooj yim. Ntau yam ntawm lawv yog qhov tsawg heev, piv txwv li, kos npe "Low-flying aircraft" tsuas yog pom nyob rau hauv tshav dav hlau. Ib yam li ntawd, "Falling Rocks" lossis "Wildlife" tsis zoo li yuav tsum tau ntsib los ntawm cov neeg tsav tsheb uas tsis tawm hauv nroog.
Yog li ntawd, txawm tias cov neeg tsav tsheb uas muaj kev paub dhau los tsis raug mob los sim lawv tus kheej ntawm kev paub txog ntau hom kev qhia, cov cim tshwj xeeb thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv qhov tsis ua raws li txoj cai. Koj tuaj yeem ua li ntawd nrog daim pib kev kos npe hauv online tshiab kawg siv tau rau xyoo 2022.
