Supermarine Seafire ch.1

NAS 899 aboard HMS Indomitable hauv kev npaj rau Kev Ua Haujlwm Husky; Scapa Flow, Lub Rau Hli 1943. Qhov tseem ceeb yog lub elevator loj, uas tso cai rau lub nkoj nqa lub dav hlau nrog cov tis tsis-folding.

Lub Hiav Txwv Hiav Txwv yog ib qho ntawm ntau hom kev sib ntaus sib tua uas siv ntau dua lossis tsawg dua los ntawm FAA (Fleet Air Arm) nyob rau hauv Royal Navy aircraft nqa thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II. Keeb kwm tau txiav txim rau nws heev. Puas tsim nyog?

Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm Seafire yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj lwm tus FAA fighter yuav tsum tau ua tiav zoo li lub dav hlau, uas nyob rau hauv thawj version yog ib qho yooj yim adaptation ntawm lub legendary Spitfire. Qhov zoo thiab lub koob meej ntawm yav tas los, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb hauv 1940, tau zoo heev uas Seafire zoo li "doomed ua tiav". Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sij hawm, nws tau pom tias lub dav hlau, uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv av interceptor, yog siv me ntsis rau kev pabcuam ntawm cov neeg nqa dav hlau, vim nws qhov kev tsim tsuas yog tsis xav txog cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg tua hluav taws. Thawj yam ua ntej…

kawm los ntawm kev ua yuam kev

Lub British Navy tau mus ua tsov rog nrog kev tsis ncaj ncees txog kev siv nws lub dav hlau ya dav hlau. Royal Navy cov neeg caij dav hlau yuav tsum khiav deb txaus los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab airfields kom tsis txhob muaj ntau ntawm lawv cov dav hlau. Hloov chaw, FAA cov neeg tua rog tau xav tias yuav cuam tshuam cov nkoj ya, lossis tej zaum cov dav hlau tshawb nrhiav ntev, uas yuav sim taug qab kev txav ntawm Royal Navy nkoj.

Nws zoo nkaus li tias thaum ntsib tus yeeb ncuab, siab tshaj plaws ceev, maneuverability lossis siab nce yog qhov khoom kim heev uas tsis tsim nyog. Lub dav hlau tau siv nrog lub sijhawm ya davhlau ntev dua, uas tso cai rau kev taug kev txuas ntxiv rau ob peb teev nyob ze rau cov nkoj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau lees paub tias tus neeg tsav nkoj yog qhov tsim nyog, ua rau lub nra hnyav rau tus neeg sib tw nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm thib ob (tsuas yog Asmeskas thiab Nyij Pooj kev paub txog qhov no tau lees paub cov neeg Askiv tias tus neeg tsav dav hlau muaj peev xwm taug kev ib leeg). Raws li yog tias tsis txaus, ob lub ntsiab lus yuam kev ntau dua tau ua tiav.

Raws li thawj zaug, cov nyhuv uas yog lub dav hlau Blackburn Roc, tus fighter tsis xav tau txoj kab ncaj nraim, txij li lub turret mounted ntawm nws stern yuav muab lub sijhawm zoo2. Raws li lub tswv yim thib ob, uas ua rau lub dav hlau Blackburn Skua, lub dav hlau fighter tuaj yeem yog "universal", uas yog, nws tseem tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus foob pob tawg.

Ob qho tib si ntawm cov dav hlau no tau ua tiav tsis tiav raws li kev sib ntaus sib tua, feem ntau yog vim lawv qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo - nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Skua, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntau dhau 3. Lub Admiralty tsuas paub qhov no thaum, nyob rau 26 Cuaj hlis 1939, cuaj Skua los ntawm lub aircraft carrier Ark Royal sib tsoo nrog peb German Dornier Do 18 nkoj hla hiav txwv North. Thiab thaum xyoo tom ntej (Lub Rau Hli 18, 13), thaum lub sijhawm Norwegian phiaj los nqis tes, Skua ventured over Trondheim mus foob pob rau lub battleship Scharnhorst thiab tuaj hla Luftwaffe fighters nyob rau ntawd, German pilots tua yim ntawm lawv tsis poob.

Churchill txoj kev cuam tshuam

Qhov kev xav tau sai sai nrhiav kev hloov pauv rau lub dav hlau Roc thiab Skua tau ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm P.4 / 34 tus qauv lub teeb dive bomber, tsis lees paub los ntawm RAF, rau cov kev xav tau ntawm FAA. Yog li ntawd, Fairey Fulmar tau yug los. Nws muaj kev tsim kho (uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tau hauv kev pabcuam davhlau) thiab lub sijhawm davhlau zoo heev rau cov neeg sib tw ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd (ntau tshaj plaub teev). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau ua tub rog nrog yim lub tshuab rab phom ncaj nraim nrog ob zaug ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm lub zog ntawm nag xob nag cua, ua tsaug rau nws tuaj yeem ua ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv ib qho kev saib xyuas ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ob lub rooj sib ntaus sib tua raws li Fairey Battle lub teeb foob pob tsim, yog li sab saum toj ceev, qab nthab, maneuverability thiab tus nqi nce kuj tsis phim rau ib lub rooj sib tw.

Nrog rau qhov no hauv siab, thaum ntxov lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1939, FAA tau mus cuag Supermarine nrog kev thov kom Spitfire tau yoog rau kev pabcuam huab cua. Tom qab ntawd, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1940, Admiralty tau thov rau Air Ministry rau kev tso cai los tsim 50 "naval" Spitfires. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm rau qhov no yog qhov tsis muaj hmoo heev. Kev ua tsov ua rog txuas ntxiv thiab RAF tsis tuaj yeem them taus los txwv cov khoom siv ntawm nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws fighter. Lub caij no, nws tau kwv yees tias kev txhim kho thiab tsim tawm ntawm 50 tus neeg tua hluav taws no rau FAA, vim lawv cov qauv tsim ntau dua (folded tis), yuav txo tau cov Spitfires ntau npaum li 200 daim ntawv. Thaum kawg, thaum kawg ntawm lub Peb Hlis 1940, Winston Churchill, ces Thawj Tus Tswv ntawm Admiralty, raug yuam kom tawm haujlwm.

los ntawm qhov project no.

Thaum lub sijhawm Fulmarians nkag mus rau kev pabcuam thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1940, FAA tau txais ntau tus Sea Gladiator biplane fighters. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv, zoo li lawv cov qauv qub qub qub, muaj peev xwm sib ntaus sib tua me me. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub dav hlau ya dav hlau ntawm Royal Navy tau txhim kho tau zoo nrog kev txais yuav ntawm "Martlets", raws li cov neeg British Ameslikas hu ua American-made Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters, thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 1941 lub " hiav txwv" version ntawm nag xob nag cua. Txawm li cas los xij, FAA tsis tau tso tseg kev sim kom tau "lawv" Spitfire.

Thawj Seafire - Mk IB (BL676) - yees duab thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1942.

Sifire IB

Qhov kev xav tau ntawm Royal Navy kom muaj kev sib tw ceev ceev ntawm lub nkoj tau ua pov thawj, txawm tias lig dhau lawm, tab sis los ntawm txhua txoj kev ncaj ncees. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hauv Mediterranean, lub nkoj British tau nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov neeg tawg rog thiab cov foob pob tawg ntawm Luftwaffe thiab Regia Aeronautica, uas FAA cov neeg tua hluav taws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem ntes tau!

Thaum kawg, thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1941, Admiralty tau sib tham txog 250 Spitfires rau Ministry of Aviation, suav nrog 48 hauv VB version thiab 202 VC. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1942, thawj qhov kev hloov kho Spitfire Mk VB (BL676), tau nruab nrog lub ventral nuv rau kev sib txuas cov kab nres thiab crane hooks rau hoisting lub dav hlau nyob rau hauv lub nkoj, ua ib tug series ntawm kev xeem coj-offs thiab tsaws aboard Illustrias. aircraft carrier anchored nyob rau hauv lub Firth ntawm Clyde tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Scotland. Lub dav hlau tshiab tau hu ua Seafire, lossis Hiav Txwv Spitfire luv luv, kom tsis txhob muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb.

Thawj qhov kev sim onboard tau qhia pom qhov tsis zoo ntawm Seafire - qhov tsis zoo rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm lub cockpit. Qhov no yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub dav hlau lub qhov ntswg ntev, uas npog lub nkoj lub lawj, thiab DLCO4 thaum lub sij hawm "peb-point" tsaws (tag nrho peb tsaws iav log kov ib txhij). Thaum txoj kev tsaws kom raug, tus tsav tsis pom lub lawj rau 50 meters kawg - yog tias nws ua, nws txhais tau hais tias tus Tsov tus tw ntawm lub dav hlau siab dhau thiab tus nuv yuav tsis ntes txoj hlua. Vim li no, cov kws tsav dav hlau tau qhia kom ya mus rau qhov nkhaus txuas ntxiv mus. Los ntawm txoj kev, FAA cov kws tsav dav hlau tom qab "tamed" tib txoj kev loj dua thiab hnyav dua Vought F4U Corsair fighters, uas cov neeg Asmeskas tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog.

Ntxiv rau kev txhim kho kev tsaws thiab nqa hooks (thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lub dav hlau hauv cov chaw no), kev hloov pauv ntawm Spitfire Mk VB mus rau Seafire Mk IB suav nrog kev hloov chaw nres tsheb xov tooj cua, nrog rau kev teeb tsa lub xeev kev lees paub. transponder thiab receiver ntawm kev taw qhia teeb liab los ntawm Hom 72 beacons ntsia rau hauv dav hlau nqa ntawm Royal Navy. Raws li qhov kev hloov pauv no, qhov ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm lub dav hlau tau nce los ntawm tsuas yog 5%, uas, ua ke nrog cov huab cua tsis kam, ua rau txo qis hauv qhov siab tshaj plaws los ntawm 8-9 km / h. Thaum kawg 166 Mk VB Spitfires tau rov tsim kho rau FAA.

Thawj Seafire Mk IB tsuas yog lees txais rau hauv FAA raws li txoj cai ntawm 15 Lub Rau Hli 1942. Thaum xub thawj, lub dav hlau ntawm cov qauv no, vim muaj hnub nyoog thiab theem ntawm kev pabcuam, yuav tsum nyob twj ywm hauv chav kawm - ntau yam ntawm lawv yav dhau los tau rov ua dua rau tus qauv Mk VB. los ntawm cov laus Mk Kuv Spitfires! Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub sijhawm Royal Navy qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov tub rog hauv dav hlau yog qhov zoo heev - ntxiv rau kev sib tw, hnub ntawm kev tsaws hauv North Africa (Operation Torch) tau los txog - tias tag nrho cov tub rog ntawm 801 NAS (Naval Aircraft Squadron) tau nruab. nrog Seafire Mk IB, nyob ntawm lub dav hlau thauj khoom Furious. Qhov tsis muaj tis tis thiab catapult cov kev cai tsis yog ib qho teeb meem, txij li Furious tau nruab nrog loj T-shaped lawj nqa, tab sis cov catapults tsis yog.

Ib xyoos tom qab, thaum feem ntau ntawm cov tshiab ntawm Seafires raug xa mus los npog thaj av hauv Salerno, ib nrab kaum ob lub qub Mk IBs raug coj los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv tub rog. Lawv tau raug xa mus rau cov kev xav tau ntawm 842nd US Division, nyob rau ntawm lub dav hlau thauj khoom thauj Fencer, uas suav nrog kev thauj mus los hauv North Atlantic thiab hauv USSR.

Lub armament ntawm Mk IB yog tib yam li ntawm Spitfire Mk VB: ob lub 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannons nrog 60-round nruas magazine txhua thiab plaub 7,7 mm Browning tshuab phom nrog 350 rounds ntawm mos txwv. Nyob rau hauv lub fuselage nws muaj peev xwm dai ib tug ntxiv roj tank nrog ib tug muaj peev xwm ntawm 136 liters. Seafire speedometers tau ntsuas kom pom qhov nrawm hauv pob, tsis yog mais ib teev.

Sapphire II

Ib txhij nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm Mk VB Spitfire rau Royal Navy, lwm qhov sib txawv ntawm Seafire raws li Spitfire Mk VC pib tsim khoom. Kev xa khoom ntawm thawj Mk IICs tau pib thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1942, tib lub sijhawm raws li thawj Mk IBs.

Lub Seafires tshiab tsis tau tsim los ntawm kev tsim kho lub dav hlau ua tiav, zoo li hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Mk IB, tab sis tawm hauv lub khw twb nyob rau hauv qhov kawg configuration. Tab sis lawv tsis muaj tis folding - lawv txawv ntawm Mk IB feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub catapult mounts. Tau kawg, lawv kuj muaj tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm Spitfire Mk VC - lawv tau armored thiab muaj tis yoog rau kev teeb tsa ntawm ob khub phom (lub npe hu ua universal type C tis), nrog rau cov qauv txhawb nqa rau nqa cov foob pob. Rau tib lub hom phiaj, Spitfire Mk VC chassis tau ntxiv dag zog, uas tau ua pov thawj tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Seafire, tso cai rau kev siv cov roj tso tsheb hlau luam ventral nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 205 litres.

thaum 1,5 teev.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, Mk IB tau sib zog dua Mk IIC - lawv qhov hnyav yog 2681 thiab 2768 kg, raws li. Tsis tas li ntawd, Mk IIC tau nruab nrog lub tshuab tiv thaiv kab mob. Txij li thaum ob lub dav hlau muaj tib lub zog cog (Rolls-Royce Merlin 45/46), tom kawg tau ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Ntawm hiav txwv theem, Seafire Mk IB muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 475 km / h, thaum Mk IIC tsuas yog mus txog 451 km / h. Qhov zoo sib xws tau pom nyob rau hauv tus nqi nce - 823 m thiab 686 m ib feeb, feem. Thaum Mk IB tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov siab ntawm 6096 meters hauv yim feeb, Mk IIC coj ntau tshaj kaum.

Qhov kev poob qis hauv kev ua tau zoo no ua rau Admiralty tsis kam tso tseg qhov muaj peev xwm rov ua dua Mk IIC nrog ob khub phom. Ib hom kev them nyiaj yog tom qab kev qhia txog kev pub cov phom los ntawm daim kab xev, thiab tsis yog los ntawm lub nruas, uas ua rau ob npaug ntawm cov mos txwv thauj khoom rau lawv. Sij hawm dhau mus, Seafire Mk IB thiab IIC cav tau nce lawv qhov kev txhawb siab siab tshaj plaws rau 1,13 atm, me ntsis nce nrawm hauv qib davhlau thiab nce siab.

Los ntawm txoj kev, los ntawm ejection nozzles, uas txo qhov siab tshaj plaws ceev ntawm Mk IIC los ntawm ntau npaum li 11 km / h, thaum xub thawj muaj me ntsis kev nkag siab. Cov neeg tsav dav hlau hauv tebchaws Askiv thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, tshwj tsis yog cov tshiab tshaj plaws (xws li Illustrious), tsis muaj cov khoom siv zoo li no, thiab cov catapults nyob rau hauv cov neeg caij tsheb thauj neeg Asmeskas tsim (hloov mus rau Askiv raws li daim ntawv cog lus qiv-Lease) tsis sib xws. nrog Seafire nozzles.

Kev sim tau ua los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txo qhov kev tawm tsam los ntawm kev sim kev teeb tsa ntawm lub npe hu ua. RATOG (jet take-off device). Cov foob pob hluav taws tau muab tso rau hauv khub hauv cov thawv ntim ruaj khov ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm ob lub tis.

Lub kaw lus tau dhau los ua nyuaj heev rau kev siv thiab pheej hmoo - nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau kev xav txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tua lub missile ntawm ib sab. Thaum kawg, ib qho kev daws teeb meem yooj yim heev tau xaiv. Lub Seafire, zoo li Spitfire, tsuas muaj ob txoj haujlwm nyob hauv qab: deflected (yuav luag ntawm lub kaum sab xis) rau tsaws lossis thim rov qab. Txhawm rau muab lawv tso rau ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 18 degrees, ntoo wedges tau muab tso rau ntawm lub flaps thiab tis, uas tus kws tsav dav hlau muab pov rau hauv hiav txwv tom qab tshem tawm, txo cov flaps ib pliag.

Seafire L.IIC thiab LR.IIC

Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Sifires, uas tau tshwm sim hauv Hiav Txwv Mediterranean thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1942, tau ua pov thawj qhov kev xav tau ceev los txhim kho lawv cov kev ua tau zoo. Lub Junkers Ju 88, tus yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Royal Navy, yuav luag tib qhov kev ceev tshaj plaws (470 km / h) raws li Seafire Mk IB thiab tau nrawm dua Mk IIC. Qhov phem tshaj, qhov tsim ntawm Spitfire (thiab yog li Seafire) hloov tau yooj yim heev uas rov "nyuaj" tsaws ntawm lub dav hlau cab kuj ua rau deformation ntawm lub cav cowling panels thiab npog cov mos txwv racks, technical hatches, thiab lwm yam. ib qho kev txo qis ntxiv ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

Hiav txwv teeb nrog Merlin 45 lub cav tsim qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 5902 m, thiab nkoj nrog Merlin 46 lub cav ntawm qhov siab ntawm 6096 m. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, feem ntau ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv hiav txwv tau ua hauv qab 3000 m. Vim li no, Admiralty tau txaus siab rau lub cav Merlin 32, uas tsim lub zog siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov siab ntawm 1942 m. mus txog 1,27 HP Yuav kom siv tag nrho nws, ib lub tshuab plaub-bladeed raug ntsia.

Cov nyhuv yog impressive. Lub Seafire tshiab, tsim L.IIC, tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov nrawm ntawm 508 km / h ntawm hiav txwv. Tau nce ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 1006 m ib feeb, tsuas yog 1524 feeb 1,7 m tau mus txog. Ntawm qhov siab zoo rau nws, nws tuaj yeem nrawm rau 539 km / h. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho throttle, tus nqi nce mus rau 1402 meters ib feeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, L.IIC muaj lub ntug dej hiav txwv luv luv txawm tias tsis muaj flaps txuas ntxiv dua li yav dhau los Seafires nrog 18 degree flaps txuas ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev txiav txim siab tau hloov pauv tag nrho Merlin 46 lub cav hauv Seafire Mk IIC nrog Merlin 32. Kev hloov mus rau L.IIC tus qauv pib thaum lub Peb Hlis 1943. Thawj squadron (807th NAS) tau txais ib txheej ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm tus tshiab version nyob rau hauv nruab nrab lub Tsib Hlis.

Ua raws li qhov piv txwv ntawm RAF, uas tshem tawm cov lus qhia ntawm qee qhov ntawm lawv Mk VC Spitfires, ntau tus L.IIC Seafires tau hloov kho tib yam. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm qhov kev daws teeb meem no yog qhov nrawm dua nrawm dua thiab siab dua me ntsis (los ntawm 8 km / h) ceev hauv qib davhlau. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub dav hlau nrog cov tis tawm tshem tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov mos txwv thiab cov roj tank sab nraud, tau tiv taus ntau dua rau kev tsav tsheb thiab tsis ruaj khov hauv huab cua, uas yooj yim dua ya mus. Txij li qhov kev hloov kho no tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv av, qhov kev txiav txim siab ya nrog lossis tsis muaj cov lus qhia tau tso rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov thawj coj tub rog.

Tag nrho ntawm 372 Seafire IIC thiab L.IIC aircraft tau tsim - Vickers-Armstrong (Supermarine) tsim 262 units thiab Westland Aircraft tsim 110 units. Standard IICs tseem nyob hauv kev pabcuam txog thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1944, thiab cov qauv IICs txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo. Hais txog 30 Seafire L.IIC aircraft tau retrofitted nrog ob lub koob yees duab F.24 (mounted nyob rau hauv lub fuselage, ib tug vertically, lub diagonally), tsim ib tug yees duab-reconnaissance version tsim LR.IIC.