Chessmen

Cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv feem ntau siv hauv kev sib tw thiab kev sib tw chess yog Staunton daim. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm Nathaniel Cooke thiab muaj npe tom qab Howard Staunton, tus neeg ncaws pob saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1849, uas tau kos npe thiab suav thawj tsib puas teev ua hauv XNUMX los ntawm tsev neeg Jaques ntawm London. Cov khoom no sai sai tau dhau los ua cov qauv kev sib tw thiab cov duab siv thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Rau lub txaj ntawm chess, Ameslikas lub npe Chaturangasuav tias yog Is Nrias teb. Nyob rau xyoo pua AD, Chaturanga tau coj mus rau Persia thiab hloov mus rau hauv lus. Tom qab lub conquest ntawm Persia los ntawm Arabs nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMXth, chatrang tau hloov pauv ntxiv thiab dhau los ua lub npe hu ua. lus. Hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX-XNUMXth, chess tau mus txog Tebchaws Europe. Tsuas yog ob peb teev tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no. medieval chess pieces. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog Sandomierz chess thiab Lewis chess..

Sandomierz chess

Lub Sandomierz chess teeb muaj 29 qhov me me (tsuas yog peb qhov ploj lawm) los ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMXth, ib zaug faus rau hauv pem teb ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab hauv St. James Street. Daim Lawv tsis pub tshaj 2 cm nyob rau hauv qhov siab, qhia tias lawv tau siv rau kev mus ncig. Lawv yog ua los ntawm mos lwj antler hauv Arabic style (1). Lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv 1962 hauv Sandomierz thaum lub sij hawm tshawb fawb archaeological coj los ntawm Jerzy thiab Eliga Gonsowski. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws monument nyob rau hauv lub archaeological sau ntawm lub Regional Museum nyob rau hauv Sandomierz.

Chess tuaj rau teb chaws Poland nyob rau hauv 1154, thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Bolesław Wrymouth. Raws li ib qho kev xav, lawv tuaj yeem raug coj mus rau Tebchaws Poland los ntawm Middle East los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Henryk ntawm Sandomierz. Hauv XNUMX, nws tau koom nrog kev ua tsov ua rog rau thaj av Dawb Huv los tiv thaiv Yeluxalees los ntawm Saracens.

Chess nrog Lewis

2. Chess daim los ntawm Isle of Lewis

Xyoo 1831, ntawm Scotland Isle of Lewis hauv Uig Bay, 93 daim tau pom tau pom los ntawm walrus tusks thiab whale hniav (2). Tag nrho cov duab yog sculptures nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug txiv neej, thiab risers zoo li tombstones. Tej zaum nws yog tag nrho ua nyob rau hauv Norway nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX (thaum lub sij hawm ntawd cov Isles Scottish yog nyob rau Norway). Lawv tau muab zais lossis ploj thaum raug thauj los ntawm Norway mus rau cov chaw muaj nyiaj nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Ireland.

Tam sim no, 82 qhov khoom pov thawj yog nyob rau hauv British Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv London, thiab 11 qhov seem yog nyob rau hauv National Museum of Scotland hauv Edinburgh. Hauv 2001 zaj duab xis Harry Potter thiab Philosopher's Stone, Harry thiab Ron ua si wizard chess nrog cov khoom ua raws nraim li cov khoom thiab cov khoom los ntawm Isle of Lewis.

Chess ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX.

Qhov kev txaus siab ntau ntxiv hauv chess thaum tig ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX thiab XNUMXth xav tau kev tsim cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov khoom. Hauv lub sijhawm dhau los, cov ntawv sib txawv tau siv. English fonts uas feem ntau siv barley nplej (3) - los ntawm lub npe ntawm pob ntseg ntawm barley dai cov duab ntawm Tsar thiab Hetman, los yog St. George (4) - los ntawm lub npe nrov chess club hauv London.

Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, cov khoom ntawm hom no tau dav siv. Selenium (5) - lub npe hu ua Gustav Selen. Qhov no yog lub npe hu ua Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick, tus sau phau ntawv "Chess, lossis Royal Game" ("), luam tawm xyoo 1616. Qhov no elegant classic kuj qee zaum hu ua lub vaj lossis tulip daim duab. Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, nyob rau hauv lem, daim thiab pawns, uas tau ua si nyob rau hauv lub nto moo Cafe Regency hauv Paris (6 thiab 7).

6. Fabkis Régence chess daim.

7. Ib txheej ua haujlwm los ntawm Fab Kis Regent.

Cafe Regency

Nws yog ib qho chaw ua si zoo nkauj nyob ze ntawm Louvre hauv Paris, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1718, frequented los ntawm regent, Prince Philippe d'Orléans. Nws ua si hauv nws nrog lwm tus Kev cai lij choj ntawm Kermeur (tus sau ntawm ib lub npe nrov tshaj plaws chess miniatures hu ua "Leg checkmate"), tau suav hais tias yog tus neeg ncaws pob muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv Fabkis kom txog thaum nws swb xyoo 1755 los ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm chess. François Philidora. Nyob rau hauv 1798 nws ua si chess ntawm no. Napoleon Bonaparte.

Xyoo 1858, Paul Morphy ua si nto moo ntawm Café de la Régence yam tsis tau saib lub rooj tsavxwm tawm tsam yim tus neeg ua si muaj zog chess, yeej rau qhov kev ua si thiab kos ob. Ntxiv rau cov neeg ua si chess, cov kws sau ntawv, cov neeg sau xov xwm thiab cov nom tswv kuj tau tuaj xyuas lub tsev noj mov. - lub chess peev ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th thiab thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 2015 - yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv No. XNUMX/XNUMX ntawm lub magazine "Young Technician".

Nyob rau xyoo 30, cov neeg Askiv pib sib tw nrog cov chess zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm Café de la Régence. Xyoo 1834, qhov kev sib tw tsis tuaj yeem pib ntawm lub tsev noj mov sawv cev thiab Westminster Chess Club, nrhiav tau peb xyoos dhau los. Nyob rau hauv 1843, ib tug match tau ua si nyob rau hauv lub café, uas xaus lub sij hawm ntev dominance ntawm Fabkis chess players. Pierre Saint-Aman nws poob rau tus neeg Askiv Howard Stauntonham (+6-11 = 4).

Tus kws kos duab Fab Kis Fab Kis Jean-Henri Marlet, tus phooj ywg ze ntawm Saint-Amand, tau pleev xim rau xyoo 1843 cov duab "The Game of Chess", uas Staunton ua chess nrog Saint-Amand hauv Café Régence (8).

8. Chess game ua si xyoo 1843 hauv Café de la Régence - Howard Staunton (sab laug) thiab Pierre Charles Fourrier Saint-Aman.

Staunton chess daim

Muaj ntau hom kev sib tw chess thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv tuaj yeem ua rau nws nyuaj rau tus neeg sib tw tsis paub txog lawv cov ntawv ua si thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev ua si. Yog li ntawd, nws tau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog los tsim chess teeb nrog cov khoom uas yooj yim pom tau los ntawm chess players ntawm ntau qib kev ua si.

Howard Staunton

(1810-1874) - Askiv chess player, suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm 1843 txog 1851. Nws tsim cov "Staunton pieces", uas tau los ua tus qauv rau kev sib tw thiab kev sib tw chess. Nws tau tsim thawj qhov kev sib tw chess thoob ntiaj teb hauv London hauv xyoo 1851 thiab yog thawj zaug los sim tsim lub koom haum chess thoob ntiaj teb. Txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 1852, chess ua si qee zaum siv sijhawm ntev, txawm tias ob peb hnub, vim tias cov neeg tawm tsam tsis muaj sijhawm xav txog. Xyoo 1861, Staunton tau thov kom siv lub moos moos (hourglass) los ntsuas lub sijhawm siv los ntawm cov neeg sib tw. Lawv tau siv thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1 hauv kev sib tw ntawm Adolf Andersen thiab Ignak von Kolisch. Staunton yog tus tsim lub neej chess, tus kws paub txog kev ua si ntawm chess, editor ntawm chess cov ntawv xov xwm, tus sau phau ntawv, tus tsim cov cai ntawm qhov kev ua si nws tus kheej thiab cov txheej txheem tuav kev sib tw thiab kev sib tw. Nws tau hais txog qhov kev xav ntawm kev qhib thiab qhia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, gambit 4.d5 f2 4.eXNUMX, muaj npe tom qab nws Staunton Gambit.

Xyoo 1849, tsev neeg lub tuam txhab Jaques ntawm London, uas tseem tsim cov khoom ua si thiab kev ua kis las, ua thawj cov khoom tsim los ntawm Nathaniel Kub (10) - Tus kws kho lub limtiam London magazine The Illustrated London News, qhov twg Howard Staunton tau luam tawm cov ntawv hais txog chess. Qee tus kws sau keeb kwm chess ntseeg tias Cook tus tub xeeb ntxwv, John Jacques, tom qab ntawd tus tswv ntawm lub tuam txhab, tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob. Howard Staunton pom zoo cov khoom hauv nws cov ntawv xov xwm chess.

10. Thawj 1949 Staunton chess pieces: pawn, rook, knight, npis sov, poj huab tais thiab huab tais.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov duab no tau ua los ntawm ebony thiab boxwood, sib npaug nrog cov hlau lead rau kev ruaj ntseg, thiab npog nrog kev xav hauv qab. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tau ua los ntawm African ivory. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1, 1849, Cook tau sau npe tus qauv tshiab nrog London Patent Office. Tag nrho cov khoom tsim los ntawm Jacques tau kos npe los ntawm Staunton.

Tus nqi qis ntawm Staunton pieces tau pab txhawb rau lawv qhov kev yuav khoom loj thiab pab txhawb rau qhov nrov ntawm kev ua si ntawm chess. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv cov khaub ncaws hnav tau dhau los ua qauv nrov tshaj plaws siv rau niaj hnub no hauv ntau qhov kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb.

Cov khoom tam sim no siv rau hauv kev sib tw.

Zestav tau foom koob hmoov rau Staunton tau pom zoo los ntawm International Chess Federation FIDE hauv xyoo 1924 thiab raug xaiv los siv rau hauv txhua qhov kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb. Ntawm cov qauv tsim niaj hnub ntawm Staunton cov khoom (11), muaj qee qhov sib txawv, tshwj xeeb yog hais txog xim, cov khoom siv thiab cov duab ntawm cov jumpers. Raws li FIDE cov cai, cov xim dub yuav tsum yog xim av, xim dub lossis lwm qhov tsaus nti ntawm cov xim no. Cov xim dawb tuaj yeem yog xim dawb, cream lossis lwm yam xim. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov xim ntawm cov ntoo ntuj (walnut, maple, thiab lwm yam).

11. Ib txheej tam sim no siv Staunton ntoo duab.

Cov khoom yuav tsum zoo siab rau lub qhov muag, tsis ci ntsa iab thiab ua los ntawm ntoo, yas lossis lwm yam khoom zoo sib xws. Pom zoo qhov siab ntawm daim: huab tais - 9,5 cm, poj huab tais - 8,5 cm, npis sov - 7 cm, knight - 6 cm, rook - 5,5 cm thiab pawn - 5 cm. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm daim yuav tsum yog 40-50%. ntawm lawv qhov siab. Qhov ntau thiab tsawg yuav txawv li ntawm 10% ntawm cov lus qhia no, tab sis qhov kev txiav txim yuav tsum ua raws (xws li huab tais saum huab tais, thiab lwm yam).

kws qhia ntawv,

tus kws qhia ntawv muaj ntawv tso cai

thiab chess txiav txim

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