proton secrets. Hnub nyoog thiab qhov loj me tseem tsis tau paub
Nws paub zoo tias ib qho proton muaj peb quarks. Qhov tseeb, nws cov qauv yog qhov nyuaj (1), thiab ntxiv gluons los khi cov quarks ua ke tsis yog qhov kawg ntawm qhov teeb meem. Lub proton yog suav hais tias yog lub hiav txwv tiag tiag ntawm quarks thiab anti-quarks tuaj thiab mus, uas yog qhov txawv txav rau xws li cov khoom ruaj khov.
Txog rau tam sim no, txawm tias qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov proton tsis paub. Tau ntev, physicists muaj tus nqi ntawm 0,877. femtometer (fm, qhov twg femtometer yog sib npaug rau 100 quintillionth meters). Hauv 2010, ib pab neeg thoob ntiaj teb tau ua qhov kev sim tshiab ntawm Paul Scherrer lub koom haum hauv Switzerland thiab tau txais tus nqi qis dua ntawm 0,84 fm. Nyob rau hauv 2017, German physicists, raws li lawv cov kev ntsuas, xam lub proton vojvoog yuav tsum tau 0,83 fm thiab, raws li tau zoo raws li qhov tseeb ntawm kev ntsuas qhov yuam kev, nws yuav sib haum mus rau tus nqi ntawm 0,84 fm, xam nyob rau hauv 2010 raws li cov kab txawv "muonic hydrogen hluav taws xob. "
Ob xyoos tom qab, lwm pab pawg kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Ukraine, Russia thiab Armenia, tsim pab pawg PRad ntawm Jefferson Laboratory hauv Virginia, tau kuaj xyuas ob npaug ntawm kev ntsuas siv. kev sim tshiab ntawm proton-electron scattering. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm 0,831 femtometers. Cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm tsab xov xwm hais txog qhov no hauv Nature tsis ntseeg tias qhov teeb meem daws tau tag nrho. Qhov no yog peb qhov kev paub txog qhov particle uas yog "lub hauv paus" ntawm qhov teeb meem.
Peb yeej hais tias proton - qhov ruaj khov subatomic particle los ntawm pab pawg ntawm baryons nrog tus nqi ntawm +1 thiab qhov seem ntawm kwv yees li 1 units. Protons thiab neutrons yog nucleon, cov ntsiab lus ntawm atomic nuclei. Tus naj npawb ntawm protons nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm ib tug atom muab sib npaug rau nws atomic tooj, uas yog lub hauv paus rau kev txiav txim ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Lawv yog cov feem tseem ceeb ntawm thawj cosmic rays. Raws li tus qauv qauv, ib tug proton yog ib tug complex particle cais raws li ib tug hadron, los yog ntau tshaj, ib tug baryon. muaj peb quarks - ob txog "u" thiab ib qho "d" quarks, txuas nrog kev sib cuam tshuam zoo los ntawm gluons.
Raws li cov txiaj ntsig kev sim zaum kawg, yog tias ib qho proton decays, qhov nruab nrab lub neej ntawm cov khoom no tshaj 2,1 1029 xyoo. Raws li tus qauv qauv, cov proton, raws li lub lightest baryon, tsis tuaj yeem lwj spontaneously. Untested grand unified theories feem ntau kwv yees proton lwj nrog lub neej ntawm tsawg kawg yog 1 × 1036 xyoo. Cov proton tuaj yeem hloov pauv, piv txwv li, los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm electron capture. Cov txheej txheem no tsis tshwm sim spontaneously, tab sis tsuas yog tshwm sim muab lub zog ntxiv. Cov txheej txheem no yog thim rov qab. Piv txwv li, thaum tawg beta neutron hloov mus ua ib tug proton. Dawb neutrons decay spontaneously (lub neej li 15 feeb), tsim ib tug proton.
Tsis ntev los no, kev sim tau pom tias cov protons thiab lawv cov neeg nyob ze nyob hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub atom. neutrons zoo li loj dua lawv yuav tsum yog. Physicists tau tsim ob txoj kev xav sib tw los sim piav qhia qhov tshwm sim, thiab cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm txhua tus ntseeg tias lwm tus tsis yog. Rau qee qhov laj thawj, protons thiab neutrons hauv cov nuclei hnyav coj zoo li lawv loj dua li thaum lawv nyob sab nraum lub nucleus. Cov kws tshawb fawb hu qhov no EMC cov nyhuv los ntawm European Muon Collaboration, pab pawg neeg nrhiav pom nws yuam kev. Qhov no yog kev ua txhaum ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm.
Cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias cov quarks uas tsim cov nucleons cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov quarks los ntawm lwm cov protons thiab neutrons, rhuav tshem cov phab ntsa uas cais cov khoom. Quarks tsim ib qho proton i quarks tsim lwm proton, lawv pib nyob rau tib qhov chaw. Qhov no ua rau cov protons (los yog neutrons) stretch thiab plooj. Lawv loj hlob ntau, txawm tias nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus physicists pom zoo nrog qhov kev piav qhia ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Yog li nws zoo nkaus li tias lub neej kev sib raug zoo ntawm ib tug proton nyob rau hauv lub atomic nucleus yog tsis muaj tsawg mysterious tshaj nws hnub nyoog thiab loj.
