Cov tshuaj ntawm lub xyoo pua - part 1
Tsuas yog salicylic acid yog cov tshuaj zoo. Nyob rau hauv 1838 ib tug Italian chemist Rafaele Piria: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? Nws tau txais qhov sib xyaw no hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, thiab hauv 1874 ib tus kws tshuaj German Herman Kolbe tsim ib txoj hauv kev rau nws cov khoom lag luam.
Tib lub sijhawm, salicylic acid tau siv hauv tshuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj muaj qhov ua rau muaj zog ntawm lub plab mucosa, uas ua rau mob plab hnyuv thiab rwj. Nws yog kev phiv los ntawm kev noj cov tshuaj salicylic acid uas ua rau tus kws kho mob German Felix Hoffmann (1848-1946) txhawm rau nrhiav kev nyab xeeb rau cov tshuaj (Hoffmann txiv tau kho nrog salicylic acid rau cov kab mob rheumatic). "Bullseye" yuav tsum tau txais nws derivative - Acetylsalicylic acid.
Lub compound yog tsim los ntawm esterification ntawm OH pawg ntawm salicylic acid nrog acetic anhydride. Acetylsalicylic acid tau txais ua ntej, tab sis tsuas yog cov ntshiab kev npaj tau los ntawm Hoffmann xyoo 1897 yog tsim rau kev siv kho mob.
Particle qauv ntawm salicylic acid (sab laug) thiab acetylsalicylic acid (txoj cai)
Cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tshiab yog ib lub tuam txhab me me Bayer, koom nrog kev tsim cov dyes, hnub no nws yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb thoob ntiaj teb. Cov tshuaj hu ua aspirin. Qhov no yog lub cim lag luam uas tau sau npe ®, tab sis nws tau dhau los ua qhov sib txawv nrog kev npaj muaj acetylsalicylic acid (li no feem ntau siv cov ntawv luv ASA). Lub npe los ntawm cov lus "acetyl"( tsab ntawv a-) thiab (tam sim no), uas yog, meadowsweet yog ib lub xyoo uas muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm salicin, uas yog siv hauv tshuaj ntsuab ua tshuaj tua kab mob. Qhov xaus-in yog ib yam rau cov npe tshuaj.
Aspirin tau patented nyob rau hauv 1899 thiab tau hailed yuav luag tam sim ntawd raws li ib tug panacea. [ ntim] Nws tiv kub cev, mob thiab mob. Nws tau siv dav heev thaum lub sijhawm muaj tus mob khaub thuas Spanish nto moo, uas tau thov ntau lub neej nyob rau xyoo 1918-1919 dua li qhov kev ua tsov rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ib. Aspirin yog ib qho ntawm thawj cov tshuaj uas tau muag los ua cov ntsiav tshuaj hauv dej (sib xyaw nrog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab). Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tiv thaiv kab mob plawv tau pom.
Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo, cov tshuaj aspirin tseem siv dav hauv cov tshuaj. Nws kuj yog cov tshuaj uas tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau (cov neeg siv ntau tshaj 35 tons ntawm cov ntshiab compound thoob ntiaj teb txhua hnub!) thiab thawj cov tshuaj hluavtaws tag nrho tsis cais tawm ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim.
Salicylic acid nyob rau hauv peb chav kuaj
Lub sijhawm rau kev paub.
Ua ntej, cia peb kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj aspirin protoplasty - salicylic acid. Koj yuav xav tau salicylic cawv (cov tshuaj tua kab mob muag hauv khw muag tshuaj thiab cov khw muag tshuaj; salicylic acid 2% dej-ethanol tov) thiab cov tshuaj hlau (III) chloride FeCl.3 nrog ib tug concentration ntawm txog 5%. Ncuav 1 cm rau hauv lub raj kuaj.3 salicylic cawv, ntxiv ob peb cm3 dej thiab 1 cm.3 FeCl kev daws teeb meem3. Qhov sib tov tam sim hloov ntshav-xiav. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm salicylic acid thiab hlau (III) ions:
Aspirin txij thaum 1899 (los ntawm Bayer AG archive)
Cov xim yog me ntsis zoo li tus number case, uas yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob - tus number case (raws li tus number case hu ua yav dhau los) yog tsim los ntawm hlau ntsev thiab cov khoom sib xyaw zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv rau salicylic acid. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas rau kev kuaj pom ntawm Fe ions.3+thiab tib lub sijhawm ua haujlwm kom paub meej tias muaj phenols, piv txwv li cov tebchaw uas OH pawg tau txuas ncaj qha rau lub nplhaib uas muaj ntxhiab. Cov pab pawg no suav nrog salicylic acid. Cia peb nco ntsoov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no zoo - cov yam ntxwv violet-xiav xim tom qab ntxiv cov hlau (III) chloride yuav qhia tias muaj salicylic acid (phenols feem ntau) hauv cov qauv kuaj.
Kev xeem khiav kuj tseem siv tau los qhia tias nws ua haujlwm li cas. ntxim nyiam tus cwj mem. Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv dawb nrog ib tug txhuam hniav (tus pas txhuam hniav, taw tes, paj rwb swab nrog ib tug paj rwb ncoo, thiab lwm yam) peb ua tej inscription los yog kos duab nrog salicylic cawv, thiab ces qhuav daim ntawv. Moisten ib lub paj rwb los yog paj rwb ncoo nrog cov tshuaj FeCl.3 (cov tshuaj ua rau daim tawv nqaij puas, yog li yuav tsum muaj cov hnab looj tes tiv thaiv roj hmab) thiab so nrog ntawv. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj tsuag los yog lub raj mis tsuag rau cov tshuaj tsw qab thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce kom moisten nplooj. Ntshav-xiav cov ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau yav dhau los tshwm rau ntawm daim ntawv. [ink] Cia peb nco ntsoov koj tias kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo kawg nkaus hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim tam sim ntawd ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tsis pom ntawm cov ntawv sau ua ntej npaj. Tias yog vim li cas peb sau rau ntawm daim ntawv dawb nrog cov xim tsis muaj xim, thiab thaum lawv muaj xim, peb xaiv cov xim ntawm daim ntawv kom cov ntawv sau tsis sawv tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau (piv txwv li, ntawm daim ntawv daj koj tuaj yeem sau FeCl tov.3 thiab induce nws nrog salicylic cawv). Daim ntawv no siv rau tag nrho cov sympatric xim, thiab muaj ntau yam ua ke uas muab cov nyhuv ntawm cov yeeb yuj tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Thaum kawg, acetylsalicylic acid
Thawj qhov kev kuaj sim twb dhau lawm, tab sis peb tsis tau mus txog tus phab ej ntawm cov ntawv niaj hnub no - acetylsalicylic acid. Txawm li cas los xij, peb yuav tsis tau txais nws ntawm peb tus kheej, tab sis extract los ntawm cov khoom tiav. Yog vim li cas yog ib qho yooj yim synthesis (reagents - salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, ethanol, H.2SO4 los yog H.3PO4), tab sis cov khoom tsim nyog (hauv av iav flasks, reflux condenser, tus pas ntsuas kub, cov khoom siv nqus tsev vacuum) thiab kev xav txog kev nyab xeeb. Acetic anhydride yog cov kua uas ua rau khaus khaus heev thiab nws muaj kev tswj hwm - nws yog ib qho tshuaj hu ua precursor.
Kev sib tw ntawm cov ntawv sau zais ua nrog salicylic acid nrog kev daws ntawm hlau (III) chloride
Koj yuav xav tau 95% ethanol tov (piv txwv li, discolored denatured cawv), lub raj mis (hauv tsev qhov no tuaj yeem hloov tau lub thawv), cov khoom siv da dej da dej (lub lauj kaub hlau yooj yim ntawm cov dej tso rau ntawm cheesecloth), lim. cov khoom siv (funnel, lim) thiab Tau kawg tib yam tshuaj aspirin hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj. Muab 2-3 ntsiav tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj uas muaj acetylsalicylic acid rau hauv lub khob (xyuas cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsis txhob siv cov tshuaj uas yaj hauv dej) thiab ncuav 10-15 cm.3 denatured cawv. Tshav kub lub khob hauv dej da dej kom txog thaum cov ntsiav tshuaj tawg tag (muab ib daim ntawv phuam rau hauv qab ntawm lub lauj kaub kom lub khob tsis tawg). Thaum lub sij hawm no, peb txias ob peb kaum cm nyob rau hauv lub tub yees.3 dej. Cov khoom siv pabcuam ntawm cov tshuaj (cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, fiber ntau, talc, cov tshuaj tsw qab) kuj suav nrog hauv cov tshuaj aspirin. Lawv yog insoluble nyob rau hauv ethanol, thaum acetylsalicylic acid dissolves nyob rau hauv nws. Tom qab cua sov, cov kua yog lim sai rau hauv lub hwj tshiab. Tam sim no cov dej txias tau ntxiv, uas ua rau cov pob zeb ntawm acetylsalicylic acid los nag (ntawm 25 ° C., txog 100 g ntawm cov compound yog yaj hauv 5 g ntawm ethanol, thaum tsuas yog li 0,25 g ntawm tib cov dej). Tshem cov crystals thiab qhuav rau saum huab cua. Nco ntsoov tias cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tsis haum rau kev siv tshuaj - peb siv cov tshuaj ethanol uas tsis muaj paug rau nws, thiab cov khoom, tsis muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv, yuav pib decompose. Peb siv kev sib raug zoo nkaus xwb rau peb qhov kev paub.
Yog tias koj tsis xav rho tawm acetylsalicylic acid los ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj, koj tuaj yeem tsuas yaj cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm ethanol thiab dej thiab siv ib tug unfiltered ncua kev kawm ntawv (peb ua tiav cov txheej txheem los ntawm cua sov nyob rau hauv ib da dej). Rau peb lub hom phiaj, daim ntawv reagent no yuav txaus. Tam sim no kuv thov kom kho cov tshuaj acetylsalicylic acid nrog kev daws ntawm FeCl.3 (zoo ib yam li thawj qhov kev sim).
Koj puas tau twv, Nyeem Ntawv, vim li cas koj tau ua tiav qhov txiaj ntsig zoo li no?
