Kev ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob chemical

Ib qho xwm txheej tshwm sim hauv txhua lub tsev yog qhov uas nyuam qhuav yuav cov roj teeb tsis zoo lawm. Los yog tej zaum, kev saib xyuas ntawm ib puag ncig, thiab tib lub sijhawm - txog kev nplua nuj ntawm peb lub hnab nyiaj, peb tau txais cov roj teeb? Tom qab ib pliag, lawv kuj yuav tsis kam koom tes. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub thoob khib nyiab? Tsis yog kiag li! Paub txog cov kev hem thawj uas cov hlwb ua rau hauv ib puag ncig, peb yuav nrhiav qhov chaw sib tw.

Collection

Qhov luaj li cas ntawm qhov teeb meem peb tab tom ua nrog? Ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm xyoo 2011 los ntawm Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Ib puag ncig tau qhia tias ntau dua 400 lab hlwb thiab roj teeb. Kwv yees li tus naj npawb tib yam tua tus kheej.

Rice. 1. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom siv raw (siv hlwb) los ntawm lub xeev sau.

Yog li peb yuav tsum txhim kho kwv yees li 92 txhiab tons ntawm pov tseg phom sij muaj cov hlau hnyav (mercury, cadmium, npib tsib xee, nyiaj, txhuas) thiab ntau cov tshuaj lom neeg (potassium hydroxide, ammonium chloride, manganese dioxide, sulfuric acid) (Fig. 1). Thaum peb muab pov tseg - tom qab txheej txheej tau corroded - lawv ua paug av thiab dej (Daim duab 2). Cia peb tsis txhob ua xws li "khoom plig" rau ib puag ncig, thiab yog li ntawd rau peb tus kheej. Ntawm cov nyiaj no, 34% tau suav nrog cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Yog li ntawd, tseem muaj ntau yam uas yuav tsum tau ua, thiab nws tsis yog kev nplij siab uas nws tsis yog nyob hauv Poland xwb?

Rice. 2. Corroded cell txheej.

Peb tsis muaj kev zam txim rau qhov twg mus siv hlwb. Txhua qhov hluav taws xob uas muag cov roj teeb thiab hloov pauv yuav tsum tau txais los ntawm peb (nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qub thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev). Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau lub khw thiab tsev kawm ntawv muaj cov thawv uas peb tuaj yeem tso tawb. Yog li cia peb tsis txhob "tsis lees paub" thiab tsis txhob muab pov tseg cov roj teeb uas siv thiab cov khoom ntim hauv cov thoob khib nyiab. Nrog me ntsis kev ntshaw, peb yuav pom ib qho kev sib tw taw tes, thiab cov kev sib txuas lawv tus kheej hnyav me ntsis kom qhov txuas yuav tsis tying peb.

Kev cais tawm

Ib yam li lwm tus cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, kev hloov pauv tau zoo ua rau kev nkag siab tom qab kev txheeb xyuas. Cov khib nyiab los ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj feem ntau zoo ib yam, tab sis khib nyiab los ntawm pej xeem sau yog sib xyaw ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes. Yog li, lo lus nug tseem ceeb dhau los kev cais.

Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland sorting yog ua manually, thaum lwm lub teb chaws nyob sab Europe twb muaj automated sorting kab. Lawv siv sieves nrog mesh qhov loj me (tso cai kev sib cais ntawm cov hlwb ntawm qhov sib txawv) thiab x-ray (cov ntsiab lus sorting). Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv raw los ntawm kev sau hauv tebchaws Poland kuj txawv me ntsis.

Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, peb cov kab mob acidic Leclanche tau ua tiav. Nws tsuas yog tsis ntev los no tias qhov kom zoo dua ntawm cov alkaline niaj hnub no, uas tau kov yeej Western kev lag luam ntau xyoo dhau los, tau dhau los ua pom. Txawm li cas los xij, ob qho tib si ntawm cov hlwb uas tau muab pov tseg rau ntau dua 90% ntawm cov roj teeb uas tau sau tseg. Tus so yog khawm roj teeb (lub hwj chim saib (Daim duab 3) los yog lub tshuab xam zauv), roj teeb rechargeable thiab lithium roj teeb rau cov xov tooj thiab laptops. Yog vim li cas rau qhov sib faib me me no yog tus nqi siab dua thiab siv lub neej ntev dua piv rau cov khoom siv pov tseg.

Rice. 3. Silver link siv lub hwj chim dab teg saib.

Ua

Tom qab kev sib cais, nws yog lub sijhawm rau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ua theem - rov qab cov ntaub ntawv raw. Rau txhua hom, cov khoom tau txais yuav txawv me ntsis. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm zoo sib xws.

mechanical processing muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib tsoo pov tseg hauv mills. Cov seem uas tau tshwm sim yog sib cais siv electromagnets (hlau thiab nws cov alloys) thiab tshwj xeeb sieve systems (lwm yam hlau, yas, ntawv, thiab lwm yam). Zaleto txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub fact tias tsis muaj yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo txheeb cov ntaub ntawv raw ua ntej ua, kho tsis xws luag - Muaj ntau cov pov tseg uas siv tsis tau uas yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg hauv qhov chaw pov tseg.

Hydrometallurgical recycling yog kev tawg ntawm cov hlwb hauv cov kua qaub lossis cov hauv paus. Nyob rau theem tom ntej ntawm kev ua tiav, cov kev daws teeb meem tau ua kom huv thiab sib cais, piv txwv li, hlau ntsev, kom tau txais cov ntsiab lus ntshiab. Loj zoo dua txoj kev yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg thiab cov khoom siv me me uas yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg. Tshuav tsis zoo Txoj kev rov ua dua tshiab no yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo txheeb xyuas cov roj teeb kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib kis ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim.

Kev ua cua sov muaj nyob rau hauv tua cov hlwb nyob rau hauv qhov cub ntawm qhov tsim nyog. Yog li ntawd, lawv cov oxides yog yaj thiab tau txais (cov ntaub ntawv raw rau steel mills). Zaleto txoj kev muaj peev xwm siv cov roj teeb uas tsis tau txheeb xyuas, kho tsis xws luag thiab - kev siv hluav taws xob thiab tsim cov khoom tsim kev puas tsuaj.

tshwj tsis yog recyclable Cov hlwb raug khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg tom qab kev tiv thaiv ua ntej tiv thaiv qhov nkag ntawm lawv cov khoom mus rau hauv ib puag ncig. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm kev ntsuas, ncua qhov kev xav tau los cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom pov tseg no thiab cov khoom pov tseg ntawm ntau yam khoom tseem ceeb.

Peb kuj tuaj yeem kho qee cov khoom noj hauv peb lub tsev kuaj mob. Cov no yog cov khoom ntawm cov classic Leclanche ntsiab - high-purity zinc los ntawm lub khob nyob ib ncig ntawm lub caij, thiab graphite electrodes. Xwb, peb tuaj yeem cais cov manganese dioxide los ntawm qhov sib xyaw hauv qhov sib tov - tsuas yog boil nws nrog dej (kom tshem tawm cov dej tsis huv, feem ntau yog ammonium chloride) thiab lim. Cov insoluble residue (kua nrog hmoov av) yog tsim rau feem ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj MnO.₂.

Tab sis tsis yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob hauv tsev tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab. Cov roj teeb tsheb qub kuj yog cov khoom siv raw. Cov hmoov txhuas yog muab rho tawm los ntawm lawv, uas yog tom qab ntawd siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv tshiab, thiab cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov electrolyte sau lawv pov tseg.

Tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsum tau ceeb toom txog kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm cov hlau hnyav hnyav thiab sulfuric acid tov. Rau peb txoj kev vam meej sai sai, cov qauv ntawm cov hlwb thiab cov roj teeb yog ib qho qauv. Ib qho teeb meem nce ntxiv tsis yog kev tsim khoom ntawm nws tus kheej, tab sis nws cov khoom pov tseg tom qab siv. Kuv vam tias cov neeg nyeem ntawv ntawm Young Technician magazine yuav txhawb lwm tus kom rov ua dua los ntawm lawv tus yam ntxwv.

Kev sim 1 - lithium roj teeb

lithium cell lawv tau siv rau hauv lub laij lej thiab tswj lub zog rau BIOS ntawm lub khoos phis tawj motherboard (Fig. 4). Cia peb paub meej tias muaj cov hlau lithium hauv lawv.

Rice. 4. Ib lub xov tooj ntawm lithium-manganese siv los tswj lub zog rau BIOS ntawm lub khoos phis tawj motherboard.

Tom qab disassembling lub caij (piv txwv li, hom CR2032), peb tuaj yeem pom cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv (Fig. 5): dub compressed txheej ntawm manganese dioxide MnO₂, ib tug ntxeem tau cais electrode impregnated nrog ib tug organic electrolyte tov, insulating ib lub nplhaib yas thiab ob hlau qhov chaw ua ib tug vaj tse.

Rice. 5. Cheebtsam ntawm lithium-manganese cell: 1. Qhov qis ntawm lub cev nrog ib txheej ntawm lithium hlau (tsis zoo electrode). 2. Separator impregnated nrog cov organic electrolyte tov. 3. Nias txheej ntawm manganese dioxide (zoo electrode). 4. Lub nplhaib yas (electrode insulator). 5. Sab saum toj vaj tse (zoo electrode davhlau ya nyob twg).

Qhov me me (qhov tsis zoo electrode) yog them nrog ib txheej ntawm lithium, uas sai sai darkens nyob rau hauv huab cua. Lub ntsiab yog txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev sim nplaim taws. Ua li no, coj qee cov hlau mos ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov hlau hlau thiab ntxig cov qauv rau hauv cov nplaim taws - cov xim carmine qhia tias muaj lithium (Fig. 6). Peb pov tseg cov hlau residue los ntawm dissolving lawv nyob rau hauv dej.

Rice. 6. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm lithium hauv cov nplaim taws.

Muab cov hlau electrode nrog ib txheej ntawm lithium rau hauv lub beaker thiab ncuav ob peb cm³ dej. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hnyav tshwm sim hauv lub nkoj, nrog rau kev tso tawm cov pa roj hydrogen:

Lithium hydroxide yog lub hauv paus muaj zog thiab peb tuaj yeem sim nws yooj yim nrog daim ntawv qhia.

Kev paub 2 - alkaline daim ntawv cog lus

Txiav tawm cov khoom pov tseg alkaline, piv txwv li, hom LR6 ("ntiv tes", AA). Tom qab qhib lub khob hlau, cov qauv sab hauv yog pom (Daim duab 7): sab hauv muaj lub teeb loj uas tsim cov anode (potassium lossis sodium hydroxide thiab zinc plua plav), thiab txheej tsaus nti ntawm manganese dioxide MnO nyob ib puag ncig nws.₂ nrog graphite hmoov av (cell cathode).

Rice. 7. Alkaline cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov anode loj nyob rau hauv ib qho alkaline cell. Pom pom cellular qauv: lub teeb anode-forming loj (KOH + zinc plua plav) thiab tsaus manganese dioxide nrog graphite hmoov av ua cathode.

Cov electrodes yog sib cais ntawm ib leeg los ntawm ib daim ntawv diaphragm. Siv ib qho me me ntawm cov khoom siv lub teeb rau ntawm qhov kev sim strip thiab moisten nws nrog ib tug tee dej. Cov xim xiav qhia txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv alkaline ntawm cov tshuaj pleev xim anode. Hom hydroxide siv tau zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm kev ntsuas nplaim taws. Ib qho piv txwv qhov loj ntawm ob peb cov noob poppy yog glued mus rau ib tug hlau hlau soaked nyob rau hauv dej thiab muab tso rau hauv ib tug burner nplaim taws.

Cov xim daj qhia txog kev siv cov tshuaj sodium hydroxide los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, thiab cov xim liab-liab qhia tau hais tias potassium hydroxide. Txij li thaum sodium tebchaw paug yuav luag tag nrho cov tshuaj, thiab cov nplaim taws rau lub caij no yog rhiab heev, cov xim daj ntawm cov nplaim tuaj yeem npog cov kab spectral ntawm cov poov tshuaj. Txoj kev daws teeb meem yog saib cov nplaim taws los ntawm lub lim dej xiav-violet, uas tuaj yeem yog iav cobalt lossis cov tshuaj zas xim hauv lub raj mis (indigo lossis methyl violet pom hauv cov tshuaj tua kab mob, pyoctane). Lub lim yuav nqus cov xim daj, tso cai rau koj kom paub meej tias muaj cov poov tshuaj hauv cov qauv.

Cov cim npe

Txhawm rau pab txhawb hom kev txheeb xyuas ntawm tes, ib qho tshwj xeeb alphanumeric code tau qhia. Rau ntau hom hauv peb lub tsev, nws zoo li: tus lej-tsab ntawv-tus lej, qhov twg:

- thawj tus lej yog cov xov tooj ntawm tes; tsis quav ntsej rau ib leeg.

– Thawj tsab ntawv qhia txog hom cell. Thaum tsis tuaj, nws yog Leclanche zinc-graphite cell (anode: zinc, electrolyte: ammonium chloride, NH.₄Cl, zinc chloride ZnCl₂, cathode: manganese dioxide MnO₂). Lwm hom xovtooj ntawm tes tau sau npe raws li hauv qab no (qhov pheej yig dua sodium hydroxide kuj siv rau qhov chaw ntawm potassium hydroxide):

A, P - zinc-air ntsiab (anode: zinc, atmospheric oxygen yog txo rau ntawm graphite cathode);

B, C, E, F, G - lithium hlwb (anode: lithium, tab sis ntau yam khoom siv los ua cathodes thiab electrolyte);

H - Ni-MH nickel-hlau hydride roj teeb (hlau hydride, KOH, NiOOH);

K - Ni-Cd nickel-cadmium roj teeb (cadmium, KOH, NiOOH);

L - alkaline khoom (zinc, KOH, MnO₂);

M - mercury element (zinc, KOH; HgO), tsis siv lawm;

S - cov khoom siv nyiaj (zinc, KOH; Ag₂TXOJ CAI);

Z - nickel-manganese element (zinc, KOH, NiOOH, MnO₂).

- tsab ntawv hauv qab no qhia cov duab ntawm qhov txuas:

F - lamellar;

R - cylindrical;

S - duab plaub;

P - qhov kev xaiv tam sim no ntawm cov hlwb nrog cov duab uas tsis yog cylindrical.

- daim duab kawg lossis cov duab qhia qhov loj ntawm qhov siv (catalog qhov tseem ceeb lossis ncaj qha muab qhov ntev).

Marking piv txwv:

R03
 - zinc-graphite cell loj me ntsis ntiv tes. Lwm lub npe yog AAA lossis micro.

LR6 - alkaline cell qhov loj ntawm tus ntiv tes. Lwm lub npe yog AA lossis minion.

HR14  - Ni-MH roj teeb, tsab ntawv C kuj siv rau qhov loj me.

KWB 20 - Ni-Cd roj teeb, qhov loj ntawm qhov tseem ceeb nrog tsab ntawv D.

3 LR12 - lub roj teeb tiaj tus nrog lub zog ntawm 4,5 V, muaj peb lub hlwb alkaline.

6F22 - 9V roj teeb; rau ib tus neeg cov phiaj xwm zinc-graphite yog nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub.

CR2032 - lithium-manganese cell (lithium, organic electrolyte, MnO₂) nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 20 hli thiab thickness ntawm 3,2 hli.