Hlau hydrogen yuav hloov lub ntsej muag ntawm cov cuab yeej technology - kom txog thaum nws evaporates

Nyob rau hauv lub forges ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, tsis muaj steel los yog txawm titanium los yog alloys ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj ntsiab yog forged. Nyob rau niaj hnub no lub pob zeb diamond anvils nrog ib tug metallic luster ci dab tsi peb tseem paub raws li cov feem ntau elusive gases ...

Hydrogen nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm yog nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov thawj pab pawg neeg, uas muaj xws li tsuas alkali hlau, uas yog, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium thiab francium. Tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav ntev ntev yog tias nws, ib yam nkaus, muaj nws daim ntawv hlau. Xyoo 1935, Eugene Wigner thiab Hillard Bell Huntington yog thawj tus los tawm tswv yim txog cov xwm txheej hauv qab no. hydrogen tuaj yeem ua xim hlau. Xyoo 1996, American physicists William Nellis, Arthur Mitchell, thiab Samuel Weir ntawm Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory tau tshaj tawm tias hydrogen tau raug tsim los ntawm lub xeev hlau siv phom roj. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2016, Ranga Diaz thiab Isaac Silvera tau tshaj tawm tias lawv tau ua tiav kev tau txais cov hlau hydrogen ntawm qhov siab ntawm 495 GPa (kwv yees li 5 × 10).⁶ atm) thiab ntawm qhov kub ntawm 5,5 K hauv lub pob zeb diamond chamber. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev sim tsis tau rov ua dua los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thiab tsis tau lees paub nws tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, ib feem ntawm lub zej zog scientific nug cov lus xaus.

Muaj cov tswv yim hais tias nws yog xim hlau hydrogen yuav nyob rau hauv cov kua daim ntawv nyob rau hauv siab gravitational siab. nyob rau hauv loj loj gas planetszoo li Jupiter thiab Saturn.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub Ib Hlis xyoo no, ib pawg ntawm prof. Isaac Silveri ntawm Harvard University tau tshaj tawm tias nws yog xim hlau hydrogen tau tsim hauv chav kuaj. Lawv raug cov qauv rau lub siab ntawm 495 GPa hauv pob zeb diamond "anvils", cov molecules uas tsim cov roj H.₂ disintegrated, thiab ib tug hlau qauv yog tsim los ntawm hydrogen atoms. Raws li cov kws sau ntawv ntawm qhov kev sim, cov qauv tsim metastableuas txhais tau hais tias nws tseem yog xim hlau txawm tias tom qab lub siab kawg tau tso tseg.

Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, metallic hydrogen yuav yog kub superconductor. Xyoo 1968, Neil Ashcroft, tus kws kho mob ntawm Cornell University, tau kwv yees tias cov theem hlau ntawm hydrogen tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, uas yog, ua hluav taws xob tsis muaj cua sov thiab qhov kub siab tshaj 0 ° C. Qhov no ib leeg yuav txuag tau ib feem peb ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas ploj lawm niaj hnub no hauv kev sib kis thiab vim yog cua sov ntawm txhua yam khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj siab nyob rau hauv gaseous, kua thiab khoom lub xeev (hydrogen condenses ntawm 20 K thiab solidifies ntawm 14 K), lub caij no tsis ua hluav taws xob vim hydrogen atoms ua ke rau hauv molecular khub thiab pauv lawv electrons. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj electrons dawb txaus, uas nyob rau hauv cov hlau tsim ib tug conduction band thiab yog tam sim no muaj. Tsuas yog muaj zog compression ntawm hydrogen thiaj li yuav rhuav tshem cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm atoms theoretically tso tawm electrons thiab ua hydrogen ib tug conductor ntawm hluav taws xob thiab txawm ib tug superconductor.

Hydrogen compressed rau hauv ib tug hlau zoo ntawm pob zeb diamond

Ib daim ntawv tshiab ntawm hydrogen tuaj yeem ua haujlwm foob ​​pob hluav taws roj nrog kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb. "Nws siv lub zog loj heev los tsim cov hlau hydrogen," piav qhia tus xibfwb. Nyiaj. "Thaum daim ntawv no ntawm hydrogen hloov mus rau hauv cov pa roj molecular, ntau lub zog raug tso tawm, ua rau nws lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws muaj zog tshaj plaws uas paub rau noob neej."

Qhov tshwj xeeb impulse ntawm lub cav khiav ntawm cov roj no yuav yog 1700 vib nas this. Tam sim no, hydrogen thiab oxygen feem ntau yog siv, thiab qhov tshwj xeeb impulse ntawm xws li cav yog 450 vib nas this. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, cov roj tshiab yuav tso cai rau peb lub dav hlau mus txog lub ntiaj teb nrog lub foob pob hluav taws ib-theem nrog lub zog loj dua thiab tso cai rau nws mus txog lwm lub ntiaj teb.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug metallic hydrogen superconductor ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub chav tsev kub yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus tsim high-ceev thauj systems siv hlau nplaum levitation, yuav ua rau kom lub efficiency ntawm hluav taws xob tsheb thiab efficiency ntawm ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob. Kuj tseem yuav muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lub zog cia khoom lag luam. Txij li cov superconductors muaj xoom tsis kam, nws yuav tuaj yeem khaws lub zog hauv cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, qhov twg nws mus txog thaum nws xav tau.

Ua tib zoo nrog qhov kev txaus siab no

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ci ntsa iab no tsis meej meej, vim tias cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau paub tseeb tias nws yog xim hlau hydrogen ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab kub. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb, uas tau mus cuag los ntawm cov xov xwm rau kev tawm tswv yim, tsis ntseeg los yog, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tshwj tseg. Qhov feem ntau postulate yog rov ua qhov kev sim, vim hais tias ib qho kev vam meej yog ... tsuas yog kev vam meej.

Tam sim no, ib qho me me ntawm cov hlau tsuas tuaj yeem pom tom qab ob lub pob zeb diamond anvils, uas tau siv los ua kua hydrogen ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv qab khov. Yog qhov kev twv ua ntej ntawm prof. Silvera thiab nws cov npoj yaig puas yuav ua haujlwm tiag tiag? Cia peb pom nyob rau yav tom ntej yuav ua li cas cov neeg sim ua kom maj mam txo qhov siab thiab nce qhov kub ntawm cov qauv kom paub. Thiab ua li ntawd, lawv cia siab tias hydrogen tsuas yog ... tsis evaporate.