daim duab kho mob

Xyoo 1896, Wilhelm Roentgen nrhiav pom X-rays, thiab xyoo 1900, thawj lub hauv siab X-ray. Tom qab ntawd los X-ray raj. Thiab nws zoo li niaj hnub no. Koj yuav pom hauv kab lus hauv qab no.

1806 Philippe Bozzini tsim lub endoscope hauv Mainz, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm "Der Lichtleiter" - ib phau ntawv qhia txog kev kawm ntawm lub recesses ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Thawj tus siv cov cuab yeej no hauv kev ua haujlwm tau zoo yog Fab Kis Fab Kis Antonin Jean Desormeaux. Ua ntej kev tsim hluav taws xob, cov teeb pom kev sab nraud tau siv los tshuaj xyuas lub zais zis, tsev menyuam, thiab txoj hnyuv, nrog rau cov kab noj hniav.

1. Thawj X-ray - tes ntawm Roentgen tus poj niam

1896 Wilhelm Roentgen nrhiav pom X-rays thiab lawv lub peev xwm nkag mus rau cov khib nyiab. Thawj tus kws tshaj lij uas nws tau qhia nws "roentgenograms" tsis yog kws kho mob, tab sis Roentgen cov npoj yaig - physicists (1). Lub peev xwm kho mob ntawm qhov kev tsim kho no tau lees paub ob peb lub lis piam tom qab, thaum X-ray ntawm lub iav ntawm cov ntiv tes ntawm tus menyuam muaj plaub xyoos tau luam tawm hauv phau ntawv kho mob. Ob peb xyoos tom ntej no, kev lag luam thiab kev tsim khoom loj ntawm X-ray raj nthuav tawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab thoob ntiaj teb.

1900 Thawj lub hauv siab x-ray. Kev siv ntau lub hauv siab x-rays ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kuaj tau tus kab mob nyob rau theem pib, uas thaum lub sijhawm ntawd yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau ua rau tuag.

1906-1912 Thawj qhov kev sim siv cov tshuaj sib txawv rau kev kuaj xyuas lub cev thiab cov hlab ntsha zoo dua.

1913 Lub raj xa hluav taws xob tiag tiag, hu ua lub tshuab nqus tsev kub cathode, tau tshwm sim, uas siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tswj tau zoo vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm thermal emission. Nws qhib lub sijhawm tshiab hauv kev kho mob thiab kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Nws tus tsim yog American inventor William D. Coolidge (2), nrov npe hu ua "leej txiv ntawm X-ray raj." Ua ke nrog cov phiaj xwm txav tau tsim los ntawm Chicago tus kws tshawb fawb hluav taws xob Hollis Potter, Coolidge teeb tau ua cov duab hluav taws xob uas muaj nuj nqis rau cov kws kho mob thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ib.

1916 Tsis yog txhua daim duab hluav taws xob tau yooj yim nyeem - qee zaum cov ntaub so ntswg lossis cov khoom tsis pom qhov raug tshuaj xyuas. Yog li ntawd, Fabkis dermatologist André Bocage tau tsim ib txoj kev ntawm emitting X-rays los ntawm ntau lub ces kaum, uas tshem tawm cov teeb meem no. Nws.

1919 Pneumoencephalography tshwm sim, uas yog tus txheej txheem kuaj mob ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev hloov ib feem ntawm cerebrospinal kua nrog cua, oxygen los yog helium, qhia los ntawm ib tug puncture rau hauv tus txha caj qaum, thiab ua x-ray ntawm lub taub hau. Cov pa roj tau zoo sib xws nrog lub ventricular system ntawm lub hlwb, uas ua rau nws ua tau kom tau txais cov duab ntawm lub ventricles. Cov txheej txheem tau siv dav hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 80th, tab sis yuav luag tag nrho tso tseg hauv XNUMXs, vim tias qhov kev kuaj mob hnyav heev rau tus neeg mob thiab tau cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo loj ntawm cov teeb meem.

30s thiab 40s Hauv kev siv tshuaj kho lub cev thiab kho dua tshiab, lub zog ntawm ultrasonic tsis tau pib siv dav. Lavxias teb sab Sergey Sokolov tab tom sim nrog kev siv ultrasound kom pom cov hlau tsis xws luag. Xyoo 1939, nws siv qhov zaus ntawm 3 GHz, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muab cov duab txaus siab. Xyoo 1940, Heinrich Gohr thiab Thomas Wedekind ntawm Medical University of Cologne, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, tau nthuav tawm hauv lawv tsab xov xwm "Der Ultraschall in der Medizin" qhov ua tau ntawm ultrasound diagnostics raws li echo-reflex cov tswv yim zoo ib yam li cov siv hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov hlau tsis xws luag. .

Cov kws sau ntawv xav tias txoj kev no yuav tso cai kom pom cov qog, exudates, lossis abscesses. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tuaj yeem tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm lawv cov kev sim. Kuj tseem paub yog cov kev sim kho mob ultrasonic ntawm Austrian Karl T. Dussik, kws kho mob hlwb los ntawm University of Vienna hauv Austria, tau pib thaum 30s lig.

1937 Tus kws lej Polish Stefan Kaczmarz tsim hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Algebraic Reconstruction Technique" theoretical foundations of the algebraic reconstruction method, which was then applyed in computed tomography and digital signal processing.

40-s. Kev taw qhia ntawm cov duab tomographic siv lub raj x-ray tig ib ncig ntawm tus neeg mob lub cev lossis lub cev nqaij daim tawv. Qhov no ua rau nws tuaj yeem pom cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev thiab cov kev hloov pauv pathological hauv ntu.

1946 American physicists Edward Purcell thiab Felix Bloch nws tus kheej invented nuclear magnetic resonance NMR (3). Lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics rau "txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm kev ntsuas qhov tseeb thiab cov kev tshawb pom muaj feem xyuam hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov hlau nplaum nuclear."

3. Cov khoom siv NMR

1950 ntawm lub nce rectilinear scanner, sau los ntawm Benedict Cassin. Cov cuab yeej siv hauv cov qauv no tau siv txog thaum ntxov 70s nrog ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob isotope-based pharmaceuticals rau cov duab hauv nruab nrog cev thoob plaws lub cev.

1953 Gordon Brownell ntawm Massachusetts lub koom haum thev naus laus zis tsim cov cuab yeej ua ntej ntawm lub koob yees duab PET niaj hnub. Nrog nws pab, nws, nrog rau tus kws kho mob neurosurgeon William H. Sweet, tswj xyuas cov qog hlwb.

1955 Dynamic x-ray duab intensifiers tau tsim los ua kom tau txais cov duab x-ray ntawm cov duab txav ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov kabmob. Cov x-rays no tau muab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab txog lub cev ua haujlwm xws li lub plawv dhia thiab cov hlab ntsha.

1955-1958 Tus kws kho mob Scottish Ian Donald pib dav siv kev kuaj ultrasound rau kev kuaj mob. Nws yog ib tug gynecologist. Nws tsab xov xwm "Kev soj ntsuam ntawm plab plab nrog Pulsed Ultrasound", luam tawm thaum Lub Rau Hli 7, 1958 hauv phau ntawv kho mob The Lancet, tau hais txog kev siv tshuab ultrasound thiab tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev kuaj mob ua ntej yug menyuam (4).

1957 Thawj fiber optic endoscope yog tsim - gastroenterologist Basili Hirshowitz thiab nws cov npoj yaig los ntawm University of Michigan patent fiber optic, semi-flexible gastroscope.

1958 Hal Oscar Npau taws nthuav tawm ntawm lub rooj sib tham txhua xyoo ntawm American Society for Nuclear Medicine ib chav scintillation uas tso cai rau kom muaj zog. duab ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Cov cuab yeej nkag mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam tom qab ib xyoo caum.

1963 Freshly minted Dr. David Kuhl, ua ke nrog nws tus phooj ywg, engineer Roy Edwards, nthuav tawm rau lub ntiaj teb thawj zaug ua hauj lwm sib koom ua ke, qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev npaj: lub ntiaj teb thawj apparatus rau lub thiaj li hu. emission tomographyuas lawv hu ua Mark II. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, ntau qhov tseeb theories thiab lej qauv tau tsim, ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua, thiab ntau thiab ntau cov tshuab tau tsim. Thaum kawg, xyoo 1976, John Keyes tsim thawj lub tshuab SPECT - ib qho photon emission tomography - raws li kev paub ntawm Cool thiab Edwards.

1967-1971 Siv cov txheej txheem algebraic ntawm Stefan Kaczmarz, Askiv hluav taws xob engineer Godfrey Hounsfield tsim cov theoretical foundations ntawm xam tomography. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, nws tsim thawj EMI CT scanner (5), uas, nyob rau hauv 1971, thawj qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm ib tug neeg yog ua nyob rau hauv lub Atkinson Morley Tsev Kho Mob nyob rau hauv Wimbledon. Cov cuab yeej tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom hauv xyoo 1973. Xyoo 1979, Hounsfield, nrog rau American physicist Allan M. Cormack, tau txais qhov khoom plig Nobel rau lawv txoj kev koom tes rau kev txhim kho kev suav tomography.

5. EMI Scanner

1973 Tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas Paul Lauterbur (6) tau tshawb pom tias los ntawm kev qhia cov gradients ntawm cov hlau nplaum uas dhau los ntawm cov khoom siv, ib tus tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas thiab tshawb pom qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom no. Tus kws tshawb fawb siv cov txheej txheem no los tsim cov duab uas sib txawv ntawm cov dej ib txwm muaj thiab hnyav. Raws li nws txoj haujlwm, tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Askiv Peter Mansfield tsim nws tus kheej txoj kev xav thiab qhia tias yuav ua li cas thiaj li ua tau sai thiab raug duab ntawm cov qauv sab hauv.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ob tus kws tshawb fawb yog kev kuaj mob tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, hu ua magnetic resonance imaging lossis MRI. Xyoo 1977, lub tshuab MRI, tsim los ntawm Asmeskas kws kho mob Raymond Damadian, Larry Minkoff, thiab Michael Goldsmith, yog thawj zaug siv los tshuaj xyuas ib tus neeg. Lauterbur thiab Mansfield tau sib koom ua ke muab 2003 Nobel nqi zog hauv Physiology lossis Tshuaj.

1974 Asmeskas Michael Phelps tab tom tsim lub koob yees duab Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Thawj lub lag luam PET scanner tau tsim ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Phelps thiab Michel Ter-Poghosyan, uas tau coj txoj kev txhim kho ntawm EG&G ORTEC. Lub scanner tau teeb tsa ntawm UCLA hauv xyoo 1974. Vim tias cov qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav metabolize cov piam thaj kaum npaug sai dua li cov hlwb ib txwm muaj, cov qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav zoo li pom qhov kaj ntawm PET scan (7).

1976 Tus kws phais neeg Andreas Grünzig nthuav qhia coronary angioplasty ntawm University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. Txoj kev no siv fluoroscopy los kho cov hlab ntsha stenosis.

1978 ntawm lub nce digital radiography. Thawj zaug, cov duab los ntawm X-ray system tau hloov mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv digital, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav rau kev kuaj pom tseeb dua thiab khaws cia digitally rau kev tshawb fawb thiab tshuaj xyuas yav tom ntej.

80-s. Douglas Boyd qhia txog txoj kev ntawm electron beam tomography. EBT scanners tau siv cov kab hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob los tsim lub nplhaib ntawm X-rays.

1984 Thawj 3D duab siv cov khoos phis tawj digital thiab CT lossis MRI cov ntaub ntawv tshwm sim, ua rau XNUMXD duab ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov kabmob.

1989 Spiral computed tomography (kauv CT) los rau hauv kev siv. Qhov no yog ib qho kev sim uas sib txuas ua ke ntawm kev sib hloov mus tas li ntawm lub teeb-nrhiav qhov system thiab txav ntawm lub rooj hla qhov ntsuas qhov chaw (8). Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kauv tomography yog qhov txo qis ntawm lub sijhawm kuaj (nws tso cai kom tau txais cov duab ntawm ob peb lub kaum ob txheej hauv ib qho scan ntev li ob peb feeb), sau cov ntawv nyeem los ntawm tag nrho cov ntim, suav nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev, uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm scans nrog cov tsoos CT, nrog rau kev pom kev hloov pauv ntawm lub scan ua tsaug rau cov software tshiab. Tus pioneer ntawm txoj kev tshiab yog Siemens Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Txhim Kho Dr. Willy A. Kalender. Lwm cov tuam txhab lag luam sai sai ua raws li cov kauj ruam ntawm Siemens.

8. Scheme ntawm kauv xam tomography

1993 Tsim ib qho echoplanar imaging (EPI) cov txheej txheem uas yuav tso cai rau MRI systems los kuaj mob stroke thaum ntxov. EPI kuj tseem muab cov duab ua haujlwm ntawm, piv txwv li, lub hlwb ua haujlwm, tso cai rau cov kws kho mob los kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb.

1998 Lub npe hu ua multimodal PET kuaj ua ke nrog suav tomography. Qhov no tau ua los ntawm Dr. David W. Townsend ntawm University of Pittsburgh, nrog rau Ron Nutt, tus kws tshaj lij PET systems. Qhov no tau qhib lub sijhawm zoo rau kev kuaj mob metabolic thiab anatomical ntawm cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav. Thawj tus qauv PET / CT scanner, tsim thiab tsim los ntawm CTI PET Systems hauv Knoxville, Tennessee, tau mus nyob hauv 1998.

2018 MARS Bioimaging qhia cov txheej txheem xim i XNUMXD kev kho mob duab (9), uas, es tsis txhob dub thiab dawb cov duab ntawm sab hauv lub cev, muaj ib tug kiag li tshiab zoo nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj - xim dluab.

Hom tshiab scanner siv Medipix thev naus laus zis, thawj zaug tsim rau cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm European Lub Koom Haum rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Nuclear (CERN) txhawm rau taug qab cov khoom ntawm Loj Hadron Collider siv computer algorithms. Tsis txhob kaw cov X-rays thaum lawv dhau los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab yuav ua li cas lawv nqus tau, lub scanner txiav txim siab lub zog ntawm X-rays thaum lawv ntaus ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev. Tom qab ntawd nws hloov cov txiaj ntsig mus rau hauv cov xim sib txawv kom phim cov pob txha, cov leeg, thiab lwm yam ntaub so ntswg.

9. Cov xim xim ntawm lub dab teg, ua los ntawm MARS Bioimaging technology.

Kev faib cov duab kho mob

1. Roentgen (x-ray) Qhov no yog ib qho x-ray ntawm lub cev nrog rau qhov projection ntawm x-rays mus rau ib zaj duab xis los yog ntes. Cov ntaub mos muag pom pom tom qab txhaj tshuaj sib txawv. Cov txheej txheem, uas feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev kuaj mob ntawm lub cev pob txha, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tsis muaj tseeb thiab tsis sib xws. Tsis tas li ntawd, hluav taws xob muaj qhov tsis zoo - 99% ntawm cov koob tshuaj yog nqus los ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev.

2. tomography (Greek - hla ntu) - lub npe sib sau ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem kuaj mob, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev tau txais cov duab ntawm ntu ntu ntawm lub cev lossis ib feem ntawm nws. Tomographic txoj kev tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg:

• Ultrasound (zeeg) yog ib txoj kev uas tsis yog-invasive uas siv cov yoj phenomena ntawm lub suab ntawm ciam teb ntawm ntau yam xov xwm. Nws siv ultrasonic (2-5 MHz) thiab piezoelectric transducers. Cov duab txav hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag;
• xam tomography (CT) siv computer-tswj x-rays los tsim cov duab ntawm lub cev. Kev siv x-rays coj CT ze rau x-rays, tab sis x-rays thiab xam tomography muab cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias ib tus kws paub txog hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tuaj yeem suav qhov chaw peb sab ntawm, piv txwv li, qog nqaij hlav los ntawm X-ray duab, tab sis X-rays, tsis zoo li CT scans, yog ob qho tib si;
• Sib nqus resonance imaging (MRI) - hom tomography no siv xov tooj cua nthwv dej los tshuaj xyuas cov neeg mob muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw muaj zog sib nqus. Cov duab tshwm sim yog raws li xov tooj cua nthwv dej tawm los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg kuaj, uas tsim cov teeb liab ntau dua lossis tsawg dua nyob ntawm qhov chaw tshuaj lom neeg. Cov duab ntawm lub cev ntawm tus neeg mob tuaj yeem khaws cia ua cov ntaub ntawv hauv computer. MRI, zoo li CT, tsim cov duab XNUMXD thiab XNUMXD, tab sis qee zaum kuj yog ib txoj kev rhiab ntau dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau qhov txawv ntawm cov nqaij mos;
• Positron emission tomography (PET) - sau npe ntawm cov duab hauv computer ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv cov piam thaj metabolism hauv cov ntaub so ntswg. Tus neeg mob tau txhaj tshuaj uas yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov suab thaj thiab isotopically sau cov suab thaj. Qhov kawg ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau tus mob qog noj ntshav, txij li cov qog nqaij hlav qog noj ntshav siv cov piam thaj molecules zoo dua li lwm cov ntaub so ntswg hauv lub cev. Tom qab noj cov tshuaj radioactively sau cov suab thaj, tus neeg mob pw rau approx.
• 60 feeb thaum lub cim suab thaj nyob hauv nws lub cev. Yog tias muaj qog nqaij hlav hauv lub cev, cov suab thaj yuav tsum muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv nws. Tom qab ntawd tus neeg mob, muab tso rau ntawm lub rooj, maj mam nkag mus rau hauv PET scanner - 6-7 zaug hauv 45-60 feeb. PET scanner yog siv los txiav txim siab faib cov piam thaj hauv cov ntaub so ntswg hauv lub cev. Ua tsaug rau kev tsom xam ntawm CT thiab PET, qhov ua tau ntawm neoplasm tuaj yeem piav qhia tau zoo dua. Cov duab ua hauv computer yog tshuaj xyuas los ntawm tus kws kho mob radiologist. PET tuaj yeem kuaj pom qhov txawv txav txawm tias lwm txoj hauv kev qhia txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws kuj tseem ua rau nws tuaj yeem kuaj mob qog noj ntshav thiab txiav txim siab txog kev kho mob zoo - raws li cov qog nqaij hlav qis, nws cov hlwb metabolize tsawg dua thiab tsawg dua qab zib;
• Ib qho photon emission tomography (SPECT) - cov txheej txheem tomographic hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj nuclear. Nrog kev pab los ntawm gamma hluav taws xob, nws tso cai rau koj los tsim cov duab spatial ntawm kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntawm txhua qhov ntawm tus neeg mob lub cev. Txoj kev no tso cai rau koj pom cov ntshav khiav thiab cov metabolism hauv ib cheeb tsam. Nws siv radiopharmaceuticals. Lawv yog cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke uas muaj ob lub ntsiab lus - ib qho tracer, uas yog cov xov tooj cua isotope, thiab cov cab kuj tuaj yeem tso rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov kabmob thiab kov yeej cov hlab ntsha hauv hlwb. Cov neeg nqa khoom feem ntau muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm kev xaiv khi rau qog cell antibodies. Lawv nyob rau hauv ntau proportional rau cov metabolism; 
• optical coherence tomography (OCT) - ib txoj kev tshiab zoo ib yam li ultrasound, tab sis tus neeg mob raug soj ntsuam nrog lub teeb ntawm lub teeb (interferometer). Siv rau kev kuaj qhov muag hauv dermatology thiab kho hniav. Backscattered light qhia txoj hauj lwm ntawm qhov chaw raws txoj kev ntawm lub teeb beam qhov twg lub refractive index hloov.

3. Scintigraphy - peb tau txais ntawm no ib daim duab ntawm lub cev, thiab saum toj no tag nrho lawv cov dej num, siv me me ntawm cov xov tooj cua isotopes (radiopharmaceuticals). Cov txheej txheem no yog ua raws li tus cwj pwm ntawm qee yam tshuaj hauv lub cev. Lawv ua raws li lub tsheb rau cov isotope siv. Cov tshuaj tau sau npe sau hauv lub cev raws li kev kawm. Cov xov tooj cua isotope emits ionizing hluav taws xob (feem ntau gamma hluav taws xob), nkag mus rau sab nraum lub cev, qhov twg lub koob yees duab gamma yog kaw.