Tus nqi ntawm cov cuab yeej kev ruaj ntseg hauv computer - qhov chaw kawg lossis tus ntsia hlau hauv lub hleb? Thaum peb muaj ntau lab qubits

Ntawm qhov tod tes, quantum suav zoo li yog "zoo meej" thiab "indestructible" encryption txoj kev uas yuav tiv thaiv leej twg los ntawm kev nyiag mus rau hauv computer thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kuj tseem muaj kev ntshai tias "cov neeg phem" yuav tsis siv quantum technology ...

Ob peb lub hlis dhau los, hauv Tsab Ntawv ntawm Kev Siv Physics, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Tuam Tshoj tau nthuav tawm qhov ceev tshaj plaws quantum random tooj generator (quantum random tooj generator, QRNG) ua haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm. Vim li cas thiaj tseem ceeb? Vim tias muaj peev xwm tsim tau (tiag tiag) random tooj yog tus yuam sij rau encryption.

Cov feem coob QRNG systems niaj hnub no nws siv discrete photonic thiab hluav taws xob Cheebtsam, tab sis integrating xws Cheebtsam mus rau hauv ib tug kev sib raug zoo Circuit Court tseem yog ib tug loj kev sib tw. Lub kaw lus tsim los ntawm pab pawg siv indium-germanium photodiodes thiab transimpedance amplifier kev koom ua ke nrog silicon photonic system (1) suav nrog lub kaw lus ntawm couplers thiab attenuators.

Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom no tso cai QR QHIA thaum nrhiav tau cov teeb liab los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm quantum entropy nrog cov lus teb zoo heev. Thaum kuaj pom cov cim random, lawv tau ua tiav los ntawm lub programmable rooj vag matrix uas rho tawm cov lej tiag tiag los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyoos. Cov cuab yeej ua tau tuaj yeem tsim cov lej ntawm ze li 19 gigabits ib ob, cov ntaub ntawv tshiab hauv ntiaj teb. Cov lej random tuaj yeem xa mus rau txhua lub khoos phis tawj ntawm fiber ntau optic cable.

Generation ntawm quantum random tooj yog lub hauv paus ntawm cryptoography. Cov pa hluav taws xob random naj npawb feem ntau vam khom cov algorithms hu ua pseudo-random tooj generators, uas, raws li lub npe qhia, tsis yog tiag tiag random thiab yog li ntawd muaj feem cuam tshuam. Saum toj no optical quantum tooj generators tiag tiag random tuam txhab uas muag xws li Quantum tsuav thiab IDQuantique ua hauj lwm ntawm lwm tus neeg. Lawv cov khoom twb tau siv ua lag luam.

uas tswj xyuas seb cov khoom siv lub cev ua haujlwm li cas ntawm cov nplai me tshaj plaws. Lub quantum sib npaug ntawm ntsis 1 lossis ntsis 0 yog qubit. (2), uas kuj yog 0 los yog 1 los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug thiaj li hu ua superposition - ib tug ua ke ntawm 0 thiab 1. Ua ib tug xam ntawm ob classical khoom (uas yuav ua tau 00, 01, 10, thiab 11) yuav tsum tau plaub. cov kauj ruam.

nws tuaj yeem ua kev suav hauv tag nrho plaub lub xeev tib lub sijhawm. Qhov ntsuas no tau nthuav tawm - ib txhiab qubits yuav nyob rau qee txoj hauv kev muaj zog dua li lub ntiaj teb muaj zog tshaj plaws supercomputer. Lwm lub tswv yim quantum uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau quantum xam yog tsis meej pemvim qhov qubits tuaj yeem sib raug zoo li qhov uas lawv tau piav qhia los ntawm ib lub xeev quantum. Kev ntsuas ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv tam sim ntawd qhia lub xeev ntawm lwm tus.

Entanglement yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas lus cryptography thiab quantum. Txawm li cas los xij, lub peev xwm ntawm quantum suav tsis yog nyob rau hauv kev nrawm nrawm. Hloov chaw, nws muab qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv qee cov chav kawm ntawm cov teeb meem, xws li suav cov lej loj, uas yuav muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau cybersecurity.

Txoj hauj lwm ceev tshaj plaws quantum suav yog tsim kom muaj kev ua yuam kev txaus-tolerant qubits los qhib lub peev xwm ntawm quantum xam. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qubit thiab nws ib puag ncig degrades cov ntaub ntawv zoo hauv microseconds. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj thiab kim kom cais qubits los ntawm lawv ib puag ncig, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev ua kom txias rau qhov kub ntawm qhov zero kiag li. Lub suab nrov nce nrog cov qubits, xav tau cov txheej txheem kho qhov yuam kev.

yog tam sim no programmed los ntawm ib qho quantum logic rooj vag, uas tej zaum yuav siv tau rau me me prototype quantum computers, tab sis impractical thaum nws los txog rau txhiab tus qubits. Tsis ntev los no, qee lub tuam txhab xws li IBM thiab Classiq tau tsim cov txheej txheem paub daws teeb meem ntau ntxiv hauv cov txheej txheem programming, tso cai rau cov neeg tsim khoom tsim cov ntawv thov quantum muaj zog los daws cov teeb meem hauv ntiaj teb tiag.

Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias cov neeg ua yeeb yam nrog lub hom phiaj tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua cov txiaj ntsig ntawm quantum xam tsim ib txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev ua txhaum cai cybersecurity. Lawv tuaj yeem ua cov haujlwm uas yuav kim dhau ntawm cov computers classic. Nrog lub computer quantum, tus neeg nyiag nkas tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv sai sai thiab nthuav tawm cov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam ntau ntawm cov tes hauj lwm thiab cov khoom siv.

Txawm hais tias tam sim no nws zoo li tsis zoo li qhov tam sim no ntawm kev nce qib ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis, qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub hom phiaj dav dav quantum xam yuav sai sai no muaj nyob hauv huab raws li kev tsim kho vaj tse raws li kev pabcuam platform, ua rau nws muaj rau ntau tus neeg siv.

Rov qab rau xyoo 2019, Microsoft tshaj tawm tias nws yuav muab quantum suav hauv koj Azure huab, txawm tias qhov no yuav txwv lawv txoj kev siv los xaiv cov neeg siv khoom. Raws li ib feem ntawm cov khoom no, lub tuam txhab muab quantum kev daws teeb meem xws li Cov kws kho mob i algorithms, quantum software, xws li simulators thiab cov cuab yeej kwv yees cov peev txheej, nrog rau quantum hardware nrog ntau yam qubit architectures uas tuaj yeem siv los ntawm hackers. Lwm cov chaw muab kev pabcuam quantum cloud computing yog IBM thiab Amazon Web Services (AWS).

Kev sib ntaus ntawm algorithms

Classic digital ciphers cia siab rau cov qauv lej nyuaj los hloov cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv cov lus encrypted rau kev khaws cia thiab xa mus. Nws yog siv los encrypt thiab decrypt cov ntaub ntawv. digital key.

Yog li ntawd, tus neeg tawm tsam sim ua txhaum txoj kev encryption txhawm rau nyiag lossis hloov cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv. Txoj kev pom tseeb ua qhov no yog sim txhua tus yuam sij ua tau los txiav txim siab ib qho uas yuav decrypt cov ntaub ntawv rov qab rau hauv daim ntawv uas tib neeg nyeem tau. Cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab computer, tab sis yuav tsum tau siv zog ntau thiab sijhawm.

Lawv muaj tam sim no ob hom kev encryption tseem ceeb: symmetricaltib tus yuam sij yog siv los encrypt thiab decrypt cov ntaub ntawv; zoo li asymmetric, uas yog, nrog rau tus yuam sij rau pej xeem uas suav nrog ib khub ntawm cov lej muaj feem cuam tshuam, ib qho yog muaj rau pej xeem kom tso cai rau tib neeg los encrypt cov lus rau tus tswv ntawm tus yuam sij, thiab lwm qhov yog khaws cia ntiag tug los ntawm tus tswv kom decrypt cov lus. lus.

W symmetric encryption tib tus yuam sij yog siv los encrypt thiab decrypt ib daim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm symmetrical algorithm: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). AES algorithm, tau txais los ntawm tsoomfwv Meskas, txhawb nqa peb qhov loj me: 128-ntsis, 192-ntsis, thiab 256-ntsis. Symmetrical algorithms feem ntau yog siv rau kev ua haujlwm encryption ntau xws li encrypting loj databases, cov ntaub ntawv systems, thiab khoom nco.

W asymmetric encryption cov ntaub ntawv yog encrypted nrog ib tus yuam sij (feem ntau hu ua tus yuam sij pej xeem) thiab decrypted nrog lwm tus yuam sij (feem ntau hu ua tus yuam sij ntiag tug). Feem ntau siv Rivest algorithm, Shamira, Adlemana (RSA) yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm asymmetric algorithm. Txawm hais tias lawv qeeb dua li kev sib koom ua ke, asymmetric algorithms daws qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb, uas yog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev encryption.

Public keycryptography nws yog siv rau kev sib pauv kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov yuam sij symmetric thiab rau digital authentication lossis kos npe ntawm cov lus, cov ntaub ntawv, thiab daim ntawv pov thawj uas koom nrog cov yuam sij pej xeem nrog tus kheej ntawm lawv cov tuav. Thaum peb mus saib lub vev xaib ruaj ntseg uas siv HTTPS cov txheej txheem, peb lub browser siv cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau pej xeem kom paub tseeb lub vev xaib daim ntawv pov thawj thiab teeb tsa tus yuam sij sib luag los encrypt kev sib txuas lus mus rau thiab los ntawm lub vev xaib.

Vim xyaum ua txhua daim ntawv thov hauv internet lawv siv ob leeg symmetric cryptographyи pej xeem tus yuam sij cryptographyob daim ntawv yuav tsum muaj kev nyab xeeb. Txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws kom tawg cov cai yog sim txhua tus yuam sij kom txog thaum koj tau txais ib qho uas ua haujlwm. Tej computers lawv tuaj yeem ua tau, tab sis nws nyuaj heev.

Piv txwv li, thaum Lub Xya Hli 2002, pab pawg tau tshaj tawm tias lawv tau tshawb pom tus yuam sij 64-ntsis sib luag, tab sis xav tau kev siv zog ntawm 300 tus neeg. neeg rau ntau tshaj plaub thiab ib nrab xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Ib qho tseem ceeb ob zaug ntev, lossis 128 cov khoom, yuav muaj ntau dua 300 sextillion cov kev daws teeb meem, tus naj npawb ntawm cov lus qhia yog 3 thiab xoom. Txawm lub ntiaj teb no tus ceev tshaj supercomputer Nws yuav siv ntau lab lab xyoo los nrhiav tus yuam sij. Txawm li cas los xij, quantum xam cov txheej txheem hu ua Grover's algorithm ua kom cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev tig 128-ntsis yuam sij rau hauv quantum computer sib npaug ntawm 64-ntsis yuam sij. Tab sis kev tiv thaiv yog yooj yim - cov yawm sij yuav tsum tau lengthened. Piv txwv li, tus yuam sij 256-ntsis muaj kev tiv thaiv tib yam tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam quantum li 128-ntsis tus yuam sij tawm tsam ib qho kev tawm tsam.

Public keycryptography Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog qhov teeb meem loj dua vim txoj kev ua lej ua haujlwm. Nrov hnub no Public key encryption algorithmshu ua RSA, Diffiego-Hellman ib elliptic nkhaus cryptography, lawv tso cai rau koj pib nrog tus yuam sij pej xeem thiab xam tus lej tus lej ntiag tug yam tsis tau mus dhau txhua qhov ua tau.

lawv tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov kev daws teeb meem encryption uas nws qhov kev ruaj ntseg yog raws li kev faib tawm ntawm cov lej lossis cov logarithm tsis sib xws. Piv txwv li, siv RSA txoj kev siv dav hauv kev lag luam e-lag luam, tus yuam sij ntiag tug tuaj yeem suav tau los ntawm kev suav tus lej uas yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm ob tus lej tseem ceeb, xws li 3 thiab 5 rau 15. Txog tam sim no, pej xeem tus lej encryption tsis tau tawg. . Kev tshawb fawb Peter Shore ntawm Massachusetts Institute of Technology ntau tshaj 20 xyoo dhau los qhia tias kev rhuav tshem asymmetric encryption yog ua tau.

tuaj yeem tawg mus txog 4096-ntsis cov khub tseem ceeb hauv ob peb teev siv cov txheej txheem hu ua Shor's algorithm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog qhov zoo tagnrho quantum computers ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej. Tam sim no, tus lej loj tshaj plaws suav nrog quantum computer yog 15 - tag nrho ntawm 4 khoom.

Txawm hais tias symmetrical algorithms Shor's algorithm tsis nyob rau hauv qhov txaus ntshai, lub zog ntawm quantum suav yuam kom qhov loj me me yuav tsum tau muab ntau ntxiv. Piv txwv li loj quantum computers khiav ntawm Grover's algorithm, uas siv cov txheej txheem quantum los nug cov ntaub ntawv sai heev, tuaj yeem muab kev txhim kho plaub zaug hauv kev tawm tsam brute-force tawm tsam symmetric encryption algorithms xws li AES. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam brute quab yuam, muab ob npaug rau qhov loj me los muab tib theem kev tiv thaiv. Rau AES algorithm, qhov no txhais tau hais tias siv 256-ntsis yuam sij los tswj hnub no 128-ntsis kev ruaj ntseg zog.

Hnub no RSA encryption, ib daim ntawv siv dav ntawm encryption, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum xa cov ntaub ntawv rhiab hauv Is Taws Nem, yog raws li 2048-ntsis tus lej. Cov kws tshaj lij kwv yees tias quantum computer nws yuav siv ntau li 70 lab qubits los rhuav tshem qhov encryption. Muab qhov ntawd tam sim no qhov loj tshaj plaws quantum computers tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas qubits (txawm hais tias IBM thiab Google muaj kev npaj kom ncav cuag ib lab los ntawm 2030), nws yuav yog ib lub sijhawm ntev ua ntej qhov kev hem thawj tiag tiag tshwm sim, tab sis raws li kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam no txuas ntxiv mus, nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias lub khoos phis tawj no yuav raug txiav txim siab. yuav tsim nyob rau hauv 3-5 xyoo tom ntej.

Piv txwv li, Google thiab KTH lub koom haum hauv Sweden tau tshaj tawm tsis ntev los no tau pom "txoj kev zoo dua" rau Quantum computers tuaj yeem ua kev suav ua txhaum cai, txo cov peev txheej uas lawv xav tau los ntawm kev txiav txim loj. Lawv daim ntawv, luam tawm nyob rau hauv MIT Technology Review, hais tias lub computer nrog 20 lab qubits tuaj yeem tawg tus lej 2048-ntsis hauv 8 teev xwb.

Tom qab quantum cryptography

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv zog los tsim "quantum-safe" encryption. Tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tau tshaj tawm tias US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) twb tau tshuaj xyuas 69 cov txuj ci tshiab uas hu ua "post-quantum cryptography (PQC)". Txawm li cas los xij, tib tsab ntawv tau hais tias cov lus nug ntawm kev rhuav tshem niaj hnub crypto txiaj los ntawm quantum computers tseem yog qhov kev xav rau lub sijhawm.

3. Ib qho ntawm cov mesh-based cryptography qauv tau tsim.

Txawm li cas los xij, raws li tsab ntawv tshaj tawm xyoo 2018 los ntawm National Academy of Sciences, Engineering thiab Tshuaj, "cov crypto txiaj tshiab yuav tsum tau tsim thiab siv tam sim no, txawm tias lub computer quantum muaj peev xwm ua txhaum niaj hnub no cryptography tsis tau tsim nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo." . Yav tom ntej code-breaking quantum computers yuav muaj ib puas txhiab zaus ntau lub zog ua thiab txo tus nqi yuam kev, ua rau lawv muaj peev xwm. sib ntaus sib tua niaj hnub cybersecurity kev coj ua.

Ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem hu ua "post-quantum cryptography" paub, tshwj xeeb, PQShield Company. Cov kws tshaj lij kev ruaj ntseg tuaj yeem hloov cov qauv cryptographic algorithms nrog lub network algorithms. (lattice-based cryptography) uas tau tsim nrog kev ruaj ntseg hauv siab. Cov txheej txheem tshiab no zais cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov teeb meem lej nyuaj hu ua lattices (3). Cov qauv algebraic zoo li no nyuaj rau kev daws teeb meem, tso cai rau cov kws kos duab kom ruaj ntseg cov ntaub ntawv txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm lub computer muaj zog quantum.

Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb IBM, Cecilia Boschini, mesh network-based cryptography yuav tiv thaiv quantum computer-raws li kev tawm tsam yav tom ntej, nrog rau muab lub hauv paus rau tag nrho homomorphic encryption (FHE), uas tso cai rau cov neeg siv ua kev suav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yam tsis tau saib cov ntaub ntawv lossis nthuav tawm rau hackers.

Lwm txoj kev pheej hmoo yog quantum key faib (Efficiency). Quantum faib ntawm QKD yuam sij (4) siv qhov tshwm sim ntawm quantum mechanics (xws li entanglement) los muab kev sib pauv zais cia ntawm cov yuam sij encryption thiab tuaj yeem ceeb toom txog qhov muaj "eavesdropper" ntawm ob qhov kawg.

Thaum xub thawj, txoj kev no tsuas yog ua tau dhau los ntawm fiber ntau optical, tab sis tam sim no Quantum Xchange tau tsim txoj hauv kev xa nws hauv Is Taws Nem thiab. Piv txwv li, Suav kev sim ntawm KKK los ntawm lub satellite ntawm qhov deb ntawm ob peb txhiab kilometers paub. Ntxiv rau Tuam Tshoj, cov pioneers hauv cheeb tsam no yog KETS Quantum Security thiab Toshiba.

4. Ib qho ntawm quantum tseem ceeb faib qauv, QKD