Dab tsi antifreeze yuav tsis boil thiab khov

Lwm qhov kev sim ntawm automotive coolants, uas peb tau teeb tsa thaum kawg ntawm lub caij ntuj no, ib zaug ntxiv pom tias qhov xwm txheej nrog cov khoom lag luam hauv peb lub khw yog qhov tsis zoo. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo yog qhov mob siab ...

Qhov teeb meem ntawm lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov khoom uas tsis zoo antifreeze tau txheeb xyuas ob peb xyoos dhau los, thaum kuv cov npoj yaig los ntawm lwm yam kev tshaj tawm tsheb thiab kuv tau ua ib qho kev sim tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias feem ntau ntawm cov qauv kuaj thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tsis ua raws li cov yam ntxwv tshaj tawm. Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov teeb meem yog qhov hnyav ntxiv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias automotive coolants yog ib qho khoom siv uas siv tau ruaj khov. Thiab nws puas yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias niaj hnub no ntau cov coolants, muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv cov kev ua hauj lwm tsis, sawv cev los ntawm domestic thiab txawv teb chaws hom, yog ntws mus rau hauv no xav tau kev lag luam ntu niaj hnub no. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv tsim nyog siv.

Qhov teeb meem no yog qhov hnyav ntxiv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias Russia tseem tsis tau txais kev cai lij choj uas yuav tsum tau faib cov coolants thiab tsim cov tsis, nrog rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev siv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv lawv cov khoom. Tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob (uas yog, cov cua txias qis) tseem yog cov qub GOST 28084-89, uas tau coj rov qab rau lub sijhawm ntawm Soviet Union. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov kev cai ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tsuas yog siv rau cov kua ua los ntawm ethylene glycol (MEG).

Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov tuam txhab uas tsis paub tseeb uas, hauv kev nrhiav cov txiaj ntsig, feem ntau siv cov khoom tsis zoo, thiab feem ntau tsuas yog cov khoom txaus ntshai. Lub tswv yim ntawm no yog raws li nram no: cov neeg ua lag luam tsim lawv tus kheej coolant daim ntawv qhia los ntawm pheej yig Cheebtsam thiab kos nws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib co kev specifications (TU), tom qab uas lawv pib loj-lub cev lawv cov khoom.

Ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov kev xaiv rau ib qho "antifreeze" bodyagi yog kev siv cov khoom sib hloov uas muaj cov glycerin pheej yig thiab sib npaug pheej yig methanol es tsis txhob kim MEG. Ob qho tib si ntawm cov khoom no muaj kev phom sij heev rau cov cua txias. Yog li, piv txwv li, glycerin pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua haujlwm corrosion, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov cua txias ntawm lub tog raj kheej thaiv, nws muaj viscosity siab (uas yog kaum tawm lub sij hawm ntau dua li ntawm ethylene glycol) thiab nce ceev, uas ua rau kom ceev ceev. Pump hnav. Los ntawm txoj kev, tsuas yog yuav ua li cas txo cov viscosity thiab ntom ntawm lub coolant, cov tuam txhab ntxiv lwm yam teeb meem rau nws - methanol.

Cov cawv no, peb nco qab, belongs rau qeb ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg txaus ntshai. Nws siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom noj khoom haus ntau yog txwv tsis pub los ntawm txoj cai, kev ua txhaum cai uas cuam tshuam nrog kev nplua loj rau kev tswj hwm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsuas yog ib qho, qhov kev cai lij choj. Kev siv cov tshuaj methyl cawv hauv lub tshuab ua kom txias kuj yog qhov tsis tsim nyog, vim tias methanol tsuas yog cuam tshuam nws cov khoom thiab cov khoom sib dhos. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm methyl cawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 50 ° C thiab saum toj no pib ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog txhuas thiab txhuas alloys, rhuav tshem lawv. Tus nqi ntawm xws li kev sib cuam tshuam yog siab heev thiab yog incomparable nrog ib txwm tus nqi ntawm corrosion ntawm hlau. Chemists hu cov txheej txheem etching, thiab lo lus no hais rau nws tus kheej.

Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov teeb meem uas "methanol" antifreeze tsim. Xws li cov khoom muaj qhov kub tsis tshua muaj kub (kwv yees li 64 ° C), yog li cov methanol maj mam volatilized los ntawm qhov cua txias. Yog li ntawd, lub coolant tseem nyob ntawd, qhov ntsuas kub ntawm qhov tsis sib haum mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau muaj thermal parameters ntawm lub cav. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov, nyob rau hauv cov huab cua kub, xws li cov kua boils sai sai, tsim plugs nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ncig, uas inevitably ua rau overheating ntawm lub cev muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no, nyob rau hauv txias, nws muaj peev xwm tsuas tig mus rau hauv dej khov thiab lov tes taw lub twj tso kua mis. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, tus kheej cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tshuab ua kom txias, piv txwv li, cov twj tso kua mis impellers, uas tseem raug rau cov khoom hnyav hnyav, raug rhuav tshem los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv methanol-glycerin hauv yuav luag ib lub caij.

Tias yog vim li cas qhov kev sim tam sim no, uas tau teeb tsa ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv thiab tshuaj ntsuam xyuas portal "Avtoparad", nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov khoom lag luam tsis zoo uas muaj methyl cawv. Rau kev sim, peb xaiv tau kaum ob qhov qauv ntawm ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, uas tau yuav ntawm cov chaw muag roj, lub peev thiab cheeb tsam Moscow tsheb lag luam, nrog rau cov chaw muag tsheb. Tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov fwj nrog cov coolants raug xa mus rau ib qho ntawm cov chaw soj ntsuam ntawm lub 25th State Research Institute ntawm Ministry of Defense ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, uas cov kws tshwj xeeb tau ua txhua yam tsim nyog cov kev tshawb fawb.

Antifreezes koj yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav

Txhawm rau muab nws bluntly, cov txiaj ntsig kawg ntawm cov khoom lag luam sim ua ntawm cov chaw tshawb fawb tsis txhawb kev cia siab. Kev txiav txim rau koj tus kheej: tawm ntawm 12 cov kua uas tau yuav los ntawm peb rau kev sim, methanol tau kuaj pom nyob rau hauv rau (thiab qhov no yog ib nrab ntawm cov qauv), thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug loj npaum li cas (txog 18%). Qhov tseeb no ib zaug qhia txog qhov mob hnyav ntawm qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo hauv peb lub khw. Ntawm cov neeg koom xeem, cov no suav nrog: Alaska Tosol -40 (Tektron), Antifreeze OZH-40 (Volga-Oil), Pilots Antifreeze Green Line -40 (Streksten), Antifreeze -40 Sputnik G12 thiab Antifreeze OZH-40 (ob qho tib si tsim los ntawm Promsintez), as Well as Antifreeze A-40M Northern Standard (NPO Organic-Progress).

Rov qab los rau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tshwj xeeb, peb nco ntsoov tias qhov ntsuas kub ntawm "methanol" coolants tsis sawv ntawm kev thuam. Yog li, lawv cov ntsiab lus kub kub, uas, raws li kab lus 4.5 ntawm TU 6-57-95-96, yuav tsum tsis txhob poob qis dua +108 degrees, qhov tseeb yog 90-97 degrees, uas yog qis dua li qhov kub ntawm cov dej zoo tib yam. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov yuav tshwm sim uas lub cev muaj zog nrog rau ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no tuaj yeem boil (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov) yog siab heev. Qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo dua nrog qhov kub ntawm qhov pib ntawm crystallization. Yuav luag tag nrho cov qauv uas muaj methanol tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus 40-degree Frost muab los ntawm kev lag luam tus qauv, thiab Antifreeze -40 Sputnik G12 cov qauv khov lawm ntawm -30 ° C. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee cov tuam txhab ua kua coolant, tsis muaj kev sib tw ntawm lub siab, qhia rau ntawm cov ntawv qhia tias lawv cov khoom raug liam tias ua tau raws li cov lus qhia ntawm Audi, BMW, Volkswagen, Opel, Toyota, Volvo ...

 

Antifreezes uas ua tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm lub tsheb manufacturers

Tam sim no cia peb tham txog cov coolants zoo, uas nws tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov qauv. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev sim tau pom los ntawm tag nrho cov tuam txhab tiv thaiv kab mob loj, ob leeg Lavxias thiab txawv teb chaws. Cov no yog cov npe nrov hauv tsev xws li CoolStream (Technoform, Klimovsk), Sintec (Obninskorgsintez, Obninsk), Felix (Tosol-Sintez-Invest, Dzerzhinsk), Niagara (Niagara, Nizhny Novgorod). Los ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws, cov hom Liqui Moly (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) thiab Bardahl (Belgium) tau koom nrog hauv kev xeem. Lawv kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tag nrho cov npe tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua los ntawm MEG, uas feem ntau txiav txim siab qhov zoo ntawm lawv cov kev ua tau zoo. Hauv particular, yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj cov npoo loj ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Frost tsis kam thiab boiling point.

Sintec hwm G12+

Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev sim tam sim no, Sintec Premium G12 + antifreeze muaj qhov zoo Frost tsis kam margin - lub crystallization kub yog -42 C es tsis txhob tus qauv -40 C. Cov khoom yog tsim los ntawm Obninskorgsintez raws li qhov tseeb organic synthesis technology los ntawm ethylene glycol qib siab tshaj plaws thiab cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv. Ua tsaug rau qhov tom kawg, Sintec Premium G12 + antifreeze nquag tiv thaiv corrosion thiab tsis tsim cov khoom tso rau ntawm qhov chaw sab hauv ntawm qhov cua txias. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov khoom zoo lubricating uas ua rau lub neej ntev ntawm lub twj tso kua mis. Antifreeze muaj kev pom zoo los ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab tsheb uas muaj npe nrov (Volkswagen, MAN, FUZO KAMAZ Trucks Rus) thiab tau pom zoo siv rau hauv cov neeg caij tsheb ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, tsheb thauj khoom thiab lwm yam tsheb nrog kev ua haujlwm nruab nrab thiab hnyav. Tus nqi kwv yees rau 1 liter - 120 rubles.

 

Liqui Moly ntev-ntev radiator antifreeze GTL 12 Plus

Imported coolant Langzeit Kuhlerfrostschutz GTL 12 Plus yog tsim los ntawm lub tuam txhab German Liqui Moly, uas muaj kev paub dhau los hauv kev tsim ntau yam kev siv tsheb thiab roj. Cov khoom lag luam yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tiam tshiab, tsim siv monoethylene glycol thiab cov khoom siv high-tech ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb raws li cov organic carboxylic acids. Raws li peb cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no muaj qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov cua txias hauv thaj tsam ntawm -45 ° C txog + 110 ° C. Raws li cov neeg tsim khoom lawv tus kheej sau tseg, antifreeze zoo tiv thaiv electrochemical corrosion ntawm hlau, nrog rau kub kub corrosion ntawm aluminium alloys. Lub coolant tau rov sim dua los ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov thawj automakers, uas ua rau pom zoo los ntawm Audi, BMW, DaimlerCrysler, Ford, Porsche, Rooj, Skoda. Peb kuj tseem nco ntsoov tias Langzeit Kuhlerfrostschutz GTL 12 Plus yog tov nrog standard G12 antifreezes (feem ntau pleev xim liab), nrog rau cov qauv G11 antifreezes. Lub sijhawm hloov pauv tau pom zoo yog 5 xyoos. Tus nqi kwv yees rau 1 liter - 330 rubles.

CoolStream Standard

CoolStream Standard carboxylate antifreeze yog tsim los ntawm Technoform, yog ib lub tuam txhab Lavxias teb sab manufacturers ntawm automotive coolants. Nws yog ethylene glycol-based multi-purpose ntsuab coolant nrog Organic Acid Technology (OAT) carboxylate technology. Nws yog tsim los ntawm Arteco (Belgium) Corrosion Inhibitor BSB thiab yog ib daim ntawv luam tseeb (rebrand) ntawm Antifreeze BS-Coolant. Cov khoom yog tsim los rau cov cua txias tshuab ntawm cov niaj hnub roj av thiab diesel xyaw ntawm ob qho tib si txawv teb chaws thiab domestic ntau lawm. Nws muaj cov additives los ntawm Arteco (Belgium), kev sib koom ua lag luam ntawm Chevron thiab Total, uas yog kev lees paub ntawm tag nrho cov CoolStream carboxylate antifreezes. Txaus siab rau nws hais tias CoolStream Standard ua tau raws li ob lub thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv nruj: American ASTM D3306 thiab British BS 6580, thiab nws lub neej kev pab cuam ncav cuag 150 km yam tsis hloov. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim, lub rooj ntev zaum thiab kev sim dej hiav txwv ntawm CoolStream Standard antifreeze, kev pom zoo thiab kev pom zoo rau kev siv los ntawm AVTOVAZ, UAZ, KamAZ, GAZ, LiAZ, MAZ thiab ntau lub tuam txhab tsheb hauv Lavxias tau tam sim no tau txais.

Felix Carbox G12 TWS

Felix Carbox coolant yog ib tiam tshiab hauv tsev carboxylate antifreeze. Raws li VW kev faib tawm, nws sib raug rau cov chav kawm G12 + organic antifreeze. Thaum lub sij hawm xeem, cov khoom tau pom ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm Frost tsis kam (tsis muaj qhov kub thiab txias mus rau -44 degrees). Nco ntsoov tias Felix Carbox tau dhau lub voj voog tag nrho ntawm kev sim hauv Asmeskas chaw tshawb fawb ABIC Testing Laboratories, uas tau lees paub nws tag nrho ua raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb ASTM D 3306, ASTM D 4985, ASTM D 6210, uas tswj cov kev cai rau cov yam ntxwv thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm coolants. Tam sim no, cov khoom lag luam tau pom zoo los ntawm ntau tus neeg txawv teb chaws nrog rau cov neeg tsim hluav taws xob hauv tsev, suav nrog AvtoVAZ thiab KAMAZ, GAZ, YaMZ thiab TRM.

Felix Carbox yog tsim los ntawm qib hwm qib monoethylene glycol, tshwj xeeb tsim cov dej ntshiab ntshiab demineralized thiab cov pob tshwj xeeb carboxylic acid additive. Kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ua kom muaj zog ntxiv mus txog thaum nws hloov pauv tom ntej (txog 250 km), muab cov khoom lag luam tsis sib xyaw nrog lwm hom tshuaj ua kom txias.

Niagara RED G12+

Niagara RED G12 + antifreeze yog ib tiam tshiab coolant tsim los ntawm Niagara PKF cov kws tshwj xeeb. Cov khoom tsim tau siv lub cim Extended Life Coolant Technology carboxylate technology, ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb uas yog lub peev xwm los tsim cov txheej tiv thaiv dotted nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas corrosion pib tsim. Qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no muab nws nrog ncua sij hawm hloov pauv (txog li 5 xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom qab sau cov cua txias lossis 250 km ntawm kev khiav). Peb kuj tseem nco ntsoov tias Niagara RED G000 + coolant tau dhau lub voj voog tag nrho ntawm kev sim ua raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb ASTM D12, ASTM D3306 hauv ABIC Testing Laboratories, USA. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub antifreeze muaj ib tug official kev pom zoo ntawm AvtoVAZ, raws li zoo raws li lwm yam Lavxias teb sab tsheb nroj tsuag, rau thawj refueling ntawm lub conveyor.

Thaum lub sij hawm xeem, Niagara RED G12 + antifreeze pom qhov loj tshaj plaws (ntawm lwm cov neeg koom nrog) frost resistance margin (txog -46 ° C). Nrog cov ntsuas kub zoo li no, cov dej txias no tuaj yeem siv tau hauv yuav luag txhua cheeb tsam ntawm Russia. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm Niagara G12 Plus Red canister yog ib qho yooj yim retractable spout uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua los sau cov kua rau hauv qhov txias. Tus nqi kwv yees rau 1 liter - 100 rubles.

Bardahl Universal Concentrate

Tus thawj Belgian antifreeze concentrate uas tsim los ntawm monoethylene glycol nrog kev siv cov khoom siv high-tech ntawm carboxylate additives. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm cov khoom no yog nws versatility - antifreeze raws li nws yog tov nrog txhua yam ntawm cov organic thiab ntxhia coolants, tsis hais xim, nrog rau antifreeze. Thaum lub sij hawm qhov kev xeem, cov khoom tsis tau tsuas yog paub tseeb hais tias tus tshaj tawm qhov kub thiab txias ntsuas, tab sis txawm kho lawv me ntsis. Raws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam txhab tsim tawm, antifreeze zoo tiv thaiv electrochemical corrosion ntawm hlau, nrog rau kub kub corrosion ntawm aluminium alloys. Lub coolant kuj pom zoo rau cov cav uas yuav tsum tau txhim kho cov cua kub dissipation - lub cav ceev heev, turbocharged xyaw. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias Bardahl Universal Concentrate yog nruab nrab rau ntau yam hlau thiab alloys, xws li tooj dag, tooj liab, hlau alloy, cam khwb cia hlau lossis txhuas. Antifreeze tsis cuam tshuam rau cov roj hmab thiab cov khoom yas ntawm cov cua txias. Los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv cov cua txias ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb tuaj yeem ncav cuag 250 km, thiab lub neej kev pabcuam tau lav yog tsawg kawg 000 xyoos. Hauv ib lo lus, khoom tsim nyog. Tus nqi kwv yees rau 5 liter ntawm concentrate - 1 rubles.

Yog li, cov lus xaus dab tsi tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xeem? Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, ntxiv rau cov khoom zoo ntawm cov npe nrov, muaj ntau ntau cov khoom coolant ntawm lwm hom, thiab nyob deb ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Yog li yog tias koj tsis paub txog tech, ua raws li ob peb txoj cai yooj yim. Ua ntej, siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas pom zoo los ntawm koj lub tuam txhab tsheb. Yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem pom cov dej txias zoo li no - xaiv tib hom tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob raws li kev pom zoo rau koj lub tsheb, tab sis yuav tsum tau pom zoo los ntawm lwm lub tuam txhab tsheb. Thiab tsis txhob coj cov lus ntawm cov neeg muag khoom pib touting lawv "superantifreezes." Los ntawm txoj kev, nws tsis yog nyuaj heev los xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm. Txhawm rau kom paub meej cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov muaj kev zam, qee zaum nws txaus los saib phau ntawv pabcuam, cov ntaub ntawv siv tsheb, cov vev xaib ntawm cov tuam txhab tsheb thiab cov tuam txhab tiv thaiv kab mob. Thaum muas, xyuam xim rau lub ntim - ntawm qee lub fwj, cov tuam txhab ua kua nplaum daim ntawv lo "Tsis muaj glycerin" - txhawm rau tshem tawm kev tsis ntseeg txog qhov zoo ntawm lawv cov khoom.

Los ntawm txoj kev, rau tag nrho cov teeb meem tau sau tseg saum toj no nyob rau hauv lub cav txias system tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv cov glycerin-methanol antifreezes, hnub no nws yog ua tau thiab tsim nyog yuav tau thov tawm tsam lawv manufacturers. Muaj cov laj thawj kev cai lij choj rau qhov no, suav nrog cov uas tau pom zoo nyob rau theem ntawm tsoomfwv. Nco qab tias thaum kawg ntawm xyoo tas los, Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), los ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim siab No. 162, tau hloov kho Unified Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements thiab Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "Rau Requirements for Lubricants, Oils and Cov kua dej tshwj xeeb" (TR TS 030/2012). Raws li qhov kev txiav txim siab no, kev txwv nruj rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm methyl cawv nyob rau hauv coolants yuav qhia - nws yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 0,05%. Qhov kev txiav txim siab tau nkag mus rau hauv lub zog, thiab tam sim no txhua tus tswv tsheb tuaj yeem thov, raws li txoj cai lij choj, rau lub xeev tswj hwm (kev saib xyuas) lub cev thiab thov kom them nyiaj rau kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev siv cov khoom uas tsis ua raws li cov txheej txheem. kev cai. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Eurasian Economic Commission yog siv tau nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm tsib lub teb chaws uas yog cov tswv cuab ntawm EEC: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia thiab Kyrgyzstan.