Keeb kwm ntawm Inventions - Nanotechnology

Twb yog 600 BC. tib neeg tau tsim cov qauv nanotype, piv txwv li cementite strands hauv hlau, hu ua Wootz. Qhov no tshwm sim hauv Is Nrias teb, thiab qhov no tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm ntawm nanotechnology.

VI-XV s. Cov dyes siv nyob rau lub sijhawm no rau kev pleev xim stained-iav qhov rais siv cov chloride nanoparticles kub, chlorides ntawm lwm cov hlau, nrog rau cov hlau oxides.

IX-XVII centuries Hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv Tebchaws Europe, "glitters" thiab lwm yam khoom raug tsim los muab ci rau ceramics thiab lwm yam khoom. Lawv muaj nanoparticles ntawm hlau, feem ntau yog nyiaj los yog tooj liab.

XIII-xviii w. Lub "Damascus steel" tsim nyob rau hauv cov centuries no, los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nto moo riam phom dawb tau ua, muaj carbon nanotubes thiab cementite nanofibers.

1857 Michael Faraday pom ruby-coloured colloidal kub, yam ntxwv ntawm kub nanoparticles.

1931 Max Knoll thiab Ernst Ruska tsim lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob hauv Berlin, thawj lub cuab yeej pom cov qauv ntawm nanoparticles ntawm qib atomic. Qhov loj dua lub zog ntawm cov electrons, lawv lub wavelength luv dua thiab qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav ntau dua. Cov qauv yog nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev thiab feem ntau them nrog ib tug hlau zaj duab xis. Cov kab hluav taws xob hla dhau los ntawm cov khoom kuaj thiab nkag mus rau cov khoom kuaj. Raws li cov ntsuas ntsuas, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rov tsim cov duab ntawm cov qauv ntsuas.

1936 Erwin Müller, ua hauj lwm ntawm Siemens Laboratories, invents the field emission microscope, the simplest form of an emission electron microscope. Lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob no siv lub zog hluav taws xob muaj zog rau thaj chaw emission thiab duab.

1950 Victor La Mer thiab Robert Dinegar tsim cov txheej txheem theoretical rau cov txheej txheem kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv monodisperse colloidal. Qhov no tau tso cai tsim cov ntawv tshwj xeeb, xim thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab nyias ntawm kev lag luam.

1956 Arthur von Hippel ntawm Massachusetts lub koom haum thev naus laus zis (MIT) tau sau lo lus "molecular engineering".

1959 Richard Feynman hais txog "Muaj ntau chav nyob hauv qab." Pib los ntawm kev xav txog dab tsi nws yuav siv los ua kom haum 24-ntim Encyclopædia Britannica ntawm lub taub hau, nws tau qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm miniaturization thiab muaj peev xwm siv cov thev naus laus zis uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm qib nanometer. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, nws tau tsim ob qhov khoom plig (lub npe hu ua Feynman Prizes) rau kev ua tiav hauv cheeb tsam no - ib txhiab daus las txhua.

1960 Thawj qhov khoom plig them nyiaj poob siab Feynman. Nws xav tias kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis yuav tsum ua kom tiav nws lub hom phiaj, tab sis thaum lub sijhawm nws tau kwv yees lub peev xwm ntawm microelectronics. Tus yeej yog 35-xyoo-laus engineer William H. McLellan. Nws tsim lub cev muaj zog hnyav 250 micrograms, nrog lub zog ntawm 1 mW.

1968 Alfred Y. Cho thiab John Arthur tsim cov txheej txheem epitaxy. Nws tso cai rau kev tsim cov txheej txheej saum npoo av siv cov tshuab semiconductor - kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem ib leeg-crystal tshiab ntawm ib qho crystalline substrate uas twb muaj lawm, duplicating cov qauv ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm crystalline substrate substrate. Ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm epitaxy yog cov epitaxy ntawm cov tshuaj molecular, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem tso cov txheej txheem crystalline nrog lub thickness ntawm ib txheej atomic. Txoj kev no yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov quantum dots thiab thiaj li hu ua nyias txheej.

1974 Taw qhia ntawm lub sij hawm "nanotechnology". Nws yog thawj zaug siv los ntawm University of Tokyo tus kws tshawb fawb Norio Taniguchi ntawm lub rooj sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm Japanese physics tseem siv rau niaj hnub no thiab suab zoo li no: "Nanotechnology yog kev tsim khoom siv thev naus laus zis uas tso cai rau ua tiav qhov raug siab heev thiab qhov me me, piv txwv li. qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 1 nm.

Visualization ntawm quantum poob

80s thiab 90s Lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai ntawm lithographic technology thiab zus tau tej cov ultrathin txheej ntawm crystals. Thawj, MOCVD(), yog ib txoj hauv kev rau tso cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov khoom siv gaseous organometallic compounds. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem epitaxial, yog li nws lub npe hloov pauv - MOSFE (). Txoj kev thib ob, MBE, ua rau nws tuaj yeem tso cov txheej txheej nanometer nyias nyias nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab meej faib ntawm impurity concentration profile. Qhov no yog ua tau vim qhov tseeb hais tias cov txheej txheem yog nkag mus rau lub substrate los ntawm cais molecular beams.

1981 Gerd Binnig thiab Heinrich Rohrer tsim lub tshuab ntsuas tunneling. Siv lub zog ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam, nws tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov duab ntawm qhov chaw nrog kev daws teeb meem ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj ntawm ib lub atom, dhau ntawm cov hniav saum toj lossis hauv qab ntawm cov qauv. Xyoo 1989, cov cuab yeej siv los tswj cov atoms ntawm tus kheej. Binnig thiab Rohrer tau txais 1986 Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics.

1985 Louis Brus ntawm Tswb Labs pom colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots). Lawv txhais tau tias yog ib cheeb tsam me me ntawm qhov chaw bounded nyob rau hauv peb qhov ntev los ntawm tej yam teeb meem thaum ib tug particle nrog ib tug wavelength piv rau qhov luaj li cas ntawm ib tug dot nkag.

Npog ntawm phau ntawv Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology los ntawm C. Eric Drexler

1985 Robert Floyd Curl, Jr., Harold Walter Kroto, thiab Richard Erret Smalley nrhiav pom fullerenes, molecules ua los ntawm ib tug txawm tus naj npawb ntawm carbon atoms (los ntawm 28 mus txog 1500) uas tsim ib tug kaw hollow lub cev. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm fullerenes muaj ntau yam zoo ib yam li cov muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons. Fullerene C60, los yog buckminsterfullerene, zoo li lwm yam fullerenes, yog ib daim ntawv allotropic ntawm carbon.

1986-1992 C. Eric Drexler luam tawm ob phau ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm futurology uas nrov nanotechnology. Thawj, tso tawm xyoo 1986, yog hu ua Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. Nws kwv yees, ntawm lwm yam, hais tias yav tom ntej technologies yuav muaj peev xwm los tswj tus kheej atoms nyob rau hauv ib tug tswj. Xyoo 1992, nws luam tawm Nanosystems: Molecular Hardware, Manufacturing, thiab Computational Idea, uas nyob rau hauv lem tau kwv yees tias nanomachine tuaj yeem tsim lawv tus kheej.

1989 Donald M. Aigler ntawm IBM muab lo lus "IBM" - ua los ntawm 35 xenon atoms - rau ntawm nickel nto.

1991 Sumio Iijima ntawm NEC hauv Tsukuba, Nyiv, nrhiav pom carbon nanotubes, hollow cylindrical lug. Txog rau hnub tim, qhov zoo tshaj plaws paub carbon nanotubes, cov phab ntsa uas yog ua los ntawm dov graphene. Kuj tseem muaj cov pa roj carbon nanotubes thiab DNA nanotubes. Lub thinnest carbon nanotubes yog nyob rau ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib nanometer nyob rau hauv lub cheeb thiab yuav ua tau ntau lab lub sij hawm ntev. Lawv muaj lub zog tensile zoo kawg nkaus thiab cov khoom hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb, thiab yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo heev. Cov khoom no ua rau lawv cov ntaub ntawv cog lus rau kev siv hauv nanotechnology, electronics, optics, thiab cov ntaub ntawv science.

1993 Warren Robinett ntawm University of North Carolina thiab R. Stanley Williams ntawm UCLA tab tom tsim lub tshuab virtual kev muaj tiag txuas nrog lub tshuab ntsuas qhov tob tob uas tso cai rau tus neeg siv pom thiab txawm kov atoms.

1998 Pab pawg Cees Dekker ntawm Delft University of Technology hauv Netherlands tab tom tsim lub transistor uas siv carbon nanotubes. Tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom sim siv cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pa roj carbon nanotubes los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo dua thiab sai dua uas siv hluav taws xob tsawg. Qhov no tau txwv los ntawm ntau yam, qee qhov tau maj mam kov yeej, uas xyoo 2016 tau coj cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm University of Wisconsin-Madison los tsim cov pa roj carbon transistor nrog cov tsis zoo tshaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws silicon prototypes. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Michael Arnold thiab Padma Gopalan tau coj mus rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov pa roj carbon nanotube transistor uas tuaj yeem nqa ob zaug tam sim no ntawm nws cov neeg sib tw silicon.

2003 Samsung patents ib tug advanced technology raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm microscopic silver ions tua kab mob, pwm thiab ntau tshaj li rau puas hom kab mob thiab tiv thaiv lawv kis. Cov khoom siv nyiaj tau muab tso rau hauv lub tuam txhab cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - tag nrho cov lim dej thiab cov plua plav collector lossis lub hnab.

2004 British Royal Society thiab Royal Academy of Engineering tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm "Nanoscience thiab Nanotechnology: Lub Sijhawm thiab Kev Tsis Txaus Siab", hu rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev pheej hmoo ntawm nanotechnology rau kev noj qab haus huv, ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg, suav nrog kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev cai lij choj.

Nanomotor qauv ntawm fullerene log

2006 James Tour, ua ke nrog ib pab neeg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Rice University, tsim lub microscopic "van" los ntawm oligo (phenyleneethynylene) molecule, lub axles uas yog ua los ntawm txhuas atoms, thiab lub log yog ua los ntawm C60 fullerenes. Lub nanovehicle tau txav mus los ntawm qhov chaw, suav nrog cov atoms kub, nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, vim yog kev sib hloov ntawm fullerene "log". Tshaj qhov kub ntawm 300 ° C, nws nrawm heev uas cov kws tshuaj tsis tuaj yeem taug qab nws ...

2007 Technion nanotechnologists haum rau tag nrho cov neeg Yudais "Cov Phau Qub" rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm tsuas yog 0,5 hli.² kub-plated silicon wafer. Cov ntawv nyeem tau kos los ntawm kev coj cov kwj tsom ntawm gallium ions mus rau lub phaj.

2009-2010 Nadrian Seaman thiab cov npoj yaig ntawm New York University tab tom tsim cov DNA zoo li nanomounts uas cov qauv DNA hluavtaws tuaj yeem tsim los ua "tsim" lwm cov qauv uas xav tau cov duab thiab cov khoom.

2013 IBM cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab animated uas tsuas tuaj yeem saib tom qab tau nthuav tawm 100 lab lub sijhawm. Nws yog hu ua "Tus Tub thiab Nws Atom" thiab kos nrog diatomic dots ib billionth ntawm ib 'meter' loj, uas yog ib qho molecules ntawm carbon monoxide. Cov duab tas luav qhia txog ib tug me nyuam tub uas thawj zaug ua si nrog lub pob thiab tom qab ntawd dhia ntawm lub trampoline. Ib qho ntawm cov molecules kuj ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub pob. Txhua qhov kev txiav txim yuav tshwm sim rau ntawm qhov chaw tooj liab, thiab qhov loj ntawm txhua zaj duab xis thav duab tsis pub ntau tshaj kaum ntawm nanometers.

2014 Cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ETH University of Technology hauv Zurich tau ua tiav hauv kev tsim cov porous membrane tsawg dua ib nanometer tuab. Lub thickness ntawm cov khoom tau los ntawm nanotechnological manipulation yog 100 XNUMX. lub sij hawm me dua li ntawm tib neeg cov plaub hau. Raws li cov tswv cuab ntawm pab pawg neeg sau ntawv, qhov no yog cov khoom ntxeem tau zoo tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem tau txais thiab feem ntau ua tau. Nws muaj ob txheej txheej ntawm ob sab graphene qauv. Lub membrane yog permeable, tab sis tsuas yog rau cov khoom me me, qeeb qeeb los yog tag nrho cov khoom loj dua.

2015 Lub twj tso kua mis molecular raug tsim, ib lub tshuab nanoscale uas hloov lub zog ntawm ib lub molecule mus rau lwm tus, ua raws li cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim. Cov qauv tsim tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Weinberg Northwestern College of Arts thiab Sciences. Lub mechanism yog reminiscent ntawm biological txheej txheem nyob rau hauv cov proteins. Nws cia siab tias cov thev naus laus zis zoo li no yuav pom daim ntawv thov feem ntau hauv kev lag luam biotechnology thiab tshuaj, piv txwv li, hauv cov leeg nqaij.

2016 Raws li kev tshaj tawm hauv phau ntawv xov xwm kev tshawb fawb Nature Nanotechnology, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Dutch Technical University Delft tau tsim cov kev tshaj tawm ib leeg-atom cia. Txoj kev tshiab yuav tsum muab ntau tshaj li tsib puas npaug ntawm kev khaws cia ntau dua li cov cuab yeej siv tam sim no. Cov kws sau ntawv sau tseg tias txawm tias qhov txiaj ntsig zoo dua tuaj yeem ua tiav siv tus qauv peb sab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom hauv qhov chaw.

Classification ntawm nanotechnologies thiab nanomaterials

1. Nanotechnological qauv muaj xws li:

• quantum qhov dej, xaim thiab dots, i.e. ntau yam qauv uas sib txuas cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no - qhov kev txwv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom hauv ib cheeb tsam los ntawm cov teeb meem muaj peev xwm;
• plastics, cov qauv uas yog tswj nyob rau theem ntawm ib tug neeg molecules, ua tsaug rau nws yog ua tau, piv txwv li, kom tau cov ntaub ntawv nrog unprecedented mechanical zog;
• Artificial fibers - cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov qauv zoo heev molecular, kuj txawv los ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo;
• nanotubes, supramolecular lug nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hollow cylinders. Txog rau hnub tim, qhov zoo tshaj plaws paub carbon nanotubes, cov phab ntsa uas yog ua los ntawm folded graphene (monatomic graphite txheej). Kuj tseem muaj cov pa roj carbon nanotubes (piv txwv li, los ntawm tungsten sulfide) thiab los ntawm DNA;
• cov ntaub ntawv crushed nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hmoov av, cov nplej uas yog, piv txwv li, accumulations ntawm hlau atoms. Nyiaj () uas muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob yog siv dav hauv daim ntawv no;
• nanowires (piv txwv li, nyiaj los yog tooj liab);
• cov khoom tsim siv electron lithography thiab lwm txoj hauv kev nanolithography;
• fullerenes;
• graphene thiab lwm yam khoom siv ob sab (borophene, graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, silicene, germanene, molybdenum sulfide);
• Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ntxiv nrog nanoparticles.

Nanolithographic nto

2. Kev faib tawm ntawm nanotechnologies nyob rau hauv lub systematics ntawm sciences, tsim nyob rau hauv 2004 los ntawm lub koom haum rau Economic kev koom tes thiab kev loj hlob (OECD):

• nanomaterials (tsim thiab khoom);
• nanoprocesses (kev siv nanoscale - biomaterials belongs rau industrial biotechnology).

3. Nanomaterials yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj cov qauv tsis tu ncua ntawm qib molecular, i.e. tsis tshaj 100 nanometers.

Qhov kev txwv no tuaj yeem xa mus rau qhov loj ntawm cov npe raws li qhov yooj yim chav tsev ntawm microstructure, los yog rau cov thickness ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tau los yog tso rau ntawm lub substrate. Hauv kev xyaum, qhov kev txwv hauv qab no uas yog ntaus nqi rau nanomaterials yog txawv rau cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov khoom sib txawv - nws yog feem ntau txuam nrog cov tsos ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb thaum tshaj. Los ntawm kev txo qhov loj ntawm cov qauv txiav txim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho lawv cov physicochemical, mechanical, thiab lwm yam khoom.

Nanomaterials tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub pawg hauv qab no:

• xoom-dimensional (dot nanomaterials) - piv txwv li, quantum dots, nyiaj nanoparticles;
• ib-dimensional - piv txwv li, hlau lossis semiconductor nanowires, nanorods, polymeric nanofibers;
• ob-dimensional - piv txwv li, nanometer txheej ntawm ib theem lossis ntau theem hom, graphene thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv nrog lub thickness ntawm ib atom;
• peb seem (los yog nanocrystalline) - muaj crystalline domains thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm theem nrog qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm nanometers los yog composites reinforced nrog nanoparticles.