hybrid sij hawm

Nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem uas nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau muab tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm lub tsheb fais fab, yog hais tias tsuas yog vim hais tias ntawm qhov tseem tsis txaus siab ntau yam, roj teeb imperfections, teeb meem ntev them thiab ib puag ncig lub siab txhawj xeeb, hybrid kev daws los ua ib tug tsim nyog golden txhais tau tias. Qhov no tuaj yeem pom hauv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev muag tsheb.

Hybrid tsheb lub tsheb no nyob rau hauv ib tug raug system nruab cav thiab ib lossis ntau dua (1). Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem siv tsis tau tsuas yog txo cov roj noj, tab sis kuj ua kom muaj zog ntxiv. Niaj hnub nimno hybrid tsheb siv lwm txoj hauv kev los txhim kho kev siv hluav taws xob, xws li. Hauv qee qhov kev siv, lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv yog siv los tsim hluav taws xob los ua lub zog hluav taws xob.

1. Daim duab ntawm lub tsheb diesel-electric hybrid

Nyob rau hauv ntau hybrid designs tshem tawm emissions nws kuj tseem txo tau los ntawm kev kaw lub cav combustion sab hauv thaum nres thiab tig rov qab thaum xav tau. Cov neeg tsim qauv siv zog los xyuas kom meej tias kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua kom zoo rau nws txoj haujlwm, piv txwv li, thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv yog khiav ntawm qhov nrawm, nws qhov kev ua tau zoo yog tsawg, vim nws xav tau lub zog tshaj plaws los kov yeej nws tus kheej tsis kam. Nyob rau hauv ib tug hybrid system, qhov cia no yuav siv tau los ntawm kev ua kom ceev ntawm lub internal combustion engine mus rau ib theem uas haum rau them lub roj teeb.

Yuav luag li qub li tsheb

Keeb kwm ntawm tsheb hybrids feem ntau pib nyob rau hauv 1900, thaum Ferdinand Porsche nthuav tawm tus qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb Exhibition hauv Paris. Hybrid Lohner-Porsche Mixte (2), lub ntiaj teb thawj diesel-hluav taws xob hybrid tsheb. Ob peb puas luam ntawm lub tshuab no tom qab muag. Ob xyoos tom qab, Knight Neftal tau tsim lub tsheb sib tw hybrid. Xyoo 1905, Henri Pieper tau qhia txog kev sib xyaw ua ke uas lub tshuab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem them roj teeb.

Xyoo 1915, Woods Motor Vehicle Company, lub tuam txhab tsim hluav taws xob tsheb, tsim Dual Power qauv nrog 4-lub tog raj kheej sab hauv combustion engine thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Hauv qab qhov ceev ntawm 24 km / h, lub tsheb tsuas yog ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob kom txog thaum kom txog thaum lub roj teeb tagthiab siab dua qhov ceev no, lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv tau qhib, uas tuaj yeem ua kom lub tsheb nrawm mus txog 56 km / h. Dual Power yog kev lag luam tsis ua haujlwm. Nws qeeb dhau rau nws tus nqi thiab nyuaj rau kev tsav tsheb.

Xyoo 1931, Erich Geichen tau thov lub tsheb uas nws cov roj teeb tau them thaum nqis roob. Lub zog tau muab los ntawm lub tog raj kheej ntawm cov cua compressed, uas yog pumped ua tsaug rau kinetic zog lub tsheb qhov chaw yuav poob qis.

Szog rov qab thaum braking, ib qho tseem ceeb invention ntawm niaj hnub hybrid technology, tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1967 los ntawm AMC rau American Motors thiab hu ua lub zog Regeneration Brake.

Hauv xyoo 1989, Audi tau tso tawm lub tsheb sim Audi Duo. Nws yog nyob rau hauv parallel ib tug hybrid Raws li Audi 100 Avant Quattro. Lub tsheb tau nruab nrog 12,8 hp fais fab tsav uas tsav lub qag nram qab. Nws kos lub zog los ntawm nickel cadmium roj teeb. Lub qag pem hauv ntej tau tsav los ntawm 2,3-liter tsib-lub tog raj kheej roj cav nrog 136 hp. Audi lub hom phiaj yog los tsim ib lub tsheb uas yuav siv los ntawm lub cav combustion sab nraum lub nroog thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv nroog. Tus neeg tsav tsheb tau xaiv hom combustion lossis hluav taws xob tsav tsheb. Audi tsuas yog tsim kaum daim qauv ntawm tus qauv no. Cov neeg siv khoom qis qis tau raug ntaus nqi rau kev ua haujlwm qis dua li tus qauv Audi 100 vim muaj kev ua haujlwm ntxiv.

Txoj kev tawg tuaj ntawm Far East

Hnub los ntawm cov tsheb hybrid nkag mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam dav thiab tau txais qhov muaj koob npe tiag tiag tsuas yog xyoo 1997, thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv Nyij Pooj. Toyota Prius (3). Thaum pib, cov tsheb no pom cov neeg yuav khoom feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig rhiab lub voj voog. Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv hauv kaum xyoo tom ntej, thaum cov nqi roj pib nce sai. Txij li thaum lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo caum kawg, lwm manufacturers kuj tau pib coj mus rau kev ua lag luam hybrid qauv, feem ntau raws li cov ntawv tso cai Toyota hybrid kev daws teeb meem. Hauv tebchaws Poland, Prius tau tshwm sim hauv chav ua yeeb yam hauv xyoo 2004. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, lub thib ob tiam ntawm Prius raug tso tawm, thiab nyob rau hauv 2009, lub thib peb.

Nws ua raws li Toyota Hasdas, lwm Japanese tsheb loj heev. qauv muag Kev pom (4), ib feem ntawm kev sib txuas hybrid, lub tuam txhab tsim tawm xyoo 1999 hauv Asmeskas thiab Nyij Pooj. Nws yog ib lub tsheb pheej yig dua li cov khoom Toyota. Thawj tiam Prius sedan haus 4,5 l / 100 km hauv nroog thiab 5,2 l / 100 km sab nraum nroog. Ob lub qhov rooj Honda Insight Thawj tiam tau noj 3,9 l / 100 km hauv nroog thiab 3,5 l / 100 km sab nraum nroog.

Toyota tso tawm tshiab hybrid versions ntawm lub tsheb. Ntau lawm Tom ntej: Toyoty Auris Hybrid pib thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2010. Nws yog thawj cov hybrid ntau lawm hauv Tebchaws Europe muag rau tsawg dua Prius. Auris hybrid Nws muaj tib lub tsav ib yam li Prius, tab sis cov roj mileage tsawg dua - 3,8 l / 100 km ntawm lub voj voog ua ke.

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2007, Toyota Motor Corporation tau muag nws thawj lab hybrids. Ob lab los ntawm Lub Yim Hli 2009, 6 lab los ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2013. Nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 2015, tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm Toyota hybrids tshaj 8 lab. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2015, kev muag khoom ntawm Toyota hybrids hauv Tebchaws Europe ib leeg tau tshaj li ib lab units. Hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm 2019, hybrids twb suav txog 50 feem pua. Tag nrho kev muag khoom ntawm Toyota ntawm peb sab av loj. Cov qauv nrov tshaj plaws Hauv pawg no, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj Priuses ntxiv, tab sis tsis tu ncua Yaris Hybrid, C-HR Hybrid Oraz Corolla Hybrid. Thaum kawg ntawm 2020, Toyota npaj yuav muag 15 lab hybrids, uas, raws li lub tuam txhab, tau ua nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj xyoo no, i.е. thaum pib. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 2017, raws li cov chaw tsim khoom, 85 lab tons tau tawm mus rau hauv qhov chaw. carbon dioxide tsawg.

Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj li ob xyoo lawm automotive hybrids kev tsim kho tshiab tau tshwm sim. Hybrid Hyundai Elantra LPI (5), uas tau mus muag hauv Kaus Lim Qab Teb thaum Lub Xya Hli 2009, yog thawj LPG-fueled internal combustion engine hybrid. Elantra yog ib nrab hybrid uas siv lithium polymer roj teeb, kuj yog thawj zaug. Lub Elantra haus 5,6 litres roj av ib 100 km thiab emissions 99 g / km ntawm COXNUMX.₂. Nyob rau hauv 2012, Peugeot tuaj nrog ib tug tshiab kev daws teeb meem nrog lub community launch txog 3008 Hybrid4 nyob rau hauv European lag luam, thawj loj-tsim diesel hybrid. Raws li cov chaw tsim khoom, 3008 Hybrid van haus 3,8 l / 100 km ntawm diesel roj thiab emissions 99 g / km ntawm COXNUMX.₂.

5. Hybrid Hyundai Elantra LPI

Tus qauv tau nthuav tawm ntawm New York International Auto Show hauv 2010. Lincoln MKZ Hybrid, thawj hybrid version yuav raug nqi ib yam mus rau lub niaj zaus version ntawm tib qauv.

Txog lub Plaub Hlis 2020, txij li xyoo 1997, ntau tshaj 17 lab hybrid electric tsheb tau raug muag thoob ntiaj teb. Tus thawj coj ua lag luam yog Nyij Pooj, uas muag ntau dua 2018 lab hybrid tsheb los ntawm Lub Peb Hlis 7,5, tom qab ntawd Asmeskas, uas muag tag nrho 2019 lab units los ntawm 5,4, thiab 2020 lab hybrid tsheb muag hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum Lub Xya Hli 3. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub piv txwv ntawm dav muaj hybrids yog, ntxiv rau Prius, hybrid versions ntawm lwm cov qauv Toyota: Auris, Yaris, Camry thiab Highlander, Honda Insight, Lexus GS450h, Chevrolet Volt, Opel Ampera, Nissan Altima Hybrid.

Parallel, series thiab sib xyaw

Ntau yam sib txawv tam sim no tau muab zais rau hauv lub npe generic "hybrid". propulsion systems thiab cov tswv yim rau kev ua haujlwm zoo dua. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tam sim no, raws li tus qauv tsim thiab kev nce qib, cov kev faib tawm meej qee zaum ua tsis tiav, vim tias kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam kev daws teeb meem yog siv ntxiv rau cov khoom tsim tshiab uas ua txhaum lub purity ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Cia peb pib los ntawm kev faib los ntawm kev teeb tsa tsav.

W hybrid tsav parallel type internal combustion engine and electric motor are mechanically connected to the drive wheels. Lub tsheb yuav siv tau los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv, lub tshuab hluav taws xob, lossis ob qho tib si. Cov txheej txheem no yog siv hauv Honda tsheb: Kev Pom Zoo, Civic, Accord. Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm xws li ib qho system yog General Motors siv alternator / pib ntawm Chevrolet Malibu. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam qauv, lub internal combustion engine kuj ua hauj lwm raws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob.

Parallel drives tam sim no paub nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam muaj tag nrho lub hwj chim sab hauv combustion xyaw thiab me me (txog 20 kW) hluav taws xob motors, nrog rau cov roj teeb me me. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv no, lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsuas yog xav tau los txhawb lub cav loj thiab tsis yog lub zog loj. Parallel hybrid drives raug suav hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li cov tshuab raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tib qhov loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv nroog thiab kev loj tsav tsheb.

Nyob rau hauv ib tug sequential hybrid system, lub tsheb yog tsav ncaj qha los ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog xwb, thiab ib tug internal combustion engine yog siv los txhawb lub system. hluav taws xob tam sim no generator zoo li. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roj teeb hauv qhov system no feem ntau loj dua, uas cuam tshuam rau cov nqi tsim khoom. Qhov kev npaj no tau ntseeg tias yuav ua rau kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tsav tsheb hauv nroog. Piv txwv serial hybrid Qhov no yog Nissan e-Power.

Kev sib xyaw hybrid tsav combines qhov zoo ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem saum toj no - parallel thiab sequential. Cov "hybrids" no suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tau zoo, nrog cov koob ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov nrawm qis thiab sib npaug ua kom pom ntawm qhov nrawm dua. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov khoom lag luam raws li kev sib tw ntau dua yog kim dua parallel motors. Lub tuam txhab tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib xyaw hybrid powertrains yog Toyota. Lawv tau siv hauv Toyota thiab Lexus, Nissan thiab Mazda (feem ntau raws li daim ntawv tso cai los ntawm Toyota), Ford thiab General Motors.

Lub zog los ntawm ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv thiab ib qho kev sib txuas tuaj yeem raug xa mus rau lub log tsav siv lub cuab yeej ntawm hom (lub zog faib hluav taws xob), uas yog ib qho yooj yim txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub zog. Internal combustion engine ncej yog txuas nrog lub diav rawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub zog ntawm lub gearbox, lub tshuab hluav taws xob txuas nrog nws lub hauv nruab nrab iav, thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob, los ntawm lub gearbox, txuas nrog rau sab nraud iav, los ntawm cov torque kis mus rau lub log. Qhov no tso cai rau koj hloov ib feem tig ceev thiab lub torque ntawm lub internal combustion engine mus rau lub log thiab ib feem rau lub generator. Li no cav Nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov zoo RPM ntau yam tsis hais lub tsheb ceev, piv txwv li thaum pib tawm, thiab tam sim no tsim los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob siv los siv lub zog hluav taws xob, uas nws lub zog siab yog tswj hwm los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv los tsav lub log. Lub khoos phis tawj, uas tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov kab ke, tswj cov khoom thauj ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab lub zog xa mus rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, yog li tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub planetary gearbox li. electromechanical tsis tu ncua hloov pauv kis tau tus mob. Thaum lub sij hawm deceleration thiab braking, lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua raws li lub tshuab hluav taws xob kom rov qab tau lub roj teeb, thiab thaum pib lub tshuab hluav taws xob sab hauv, lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua lub tshuab hluav taws xob. oob khab.

W tag nrho hybrid tsav lub tsheb tuaj yeem siv los ntawm lub cav ib leeg, lossis los ntawm lub roj teeb ib leeg, lossis ob qho tib si. Piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug system yog Hybrid Synergy Tsav Toyoty, hybrid system ford, Dual hom hybrid ntau lawm General Motors/ChrystleLub tsheb piv txwv: Toyota Prius, Toyota Auris Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, thiab Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h thiab CT200h. Cov tsheb no xav tau cov roj teeb loj, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Los ntawm kev siv lub zog sib koom ua ke, cov tsheb tau txais kev hloov pauv ntau dua ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau ntxiv.

ib nrab hybrid nyob rau hauv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, nws yog ib tug pa tsheb nrog ib tug ncua oob khab starter, cia lub internal combustion engine yuav tsum tau muab tua txhua txhua lub sij hawm lub tsheb mus downhill, nres los yog nres, thiab sai sai pib lub cav yog tias tsim nyog.

Oob khab nws yog feem ntau ntsia nruab nrab ntawm lub cav thiab kis tau tus mob, hloov lub torque converter. Muab lub zog ntxiv thaum ignited. Cov khoom siv xws li xov tooj cua thiab cua txias tuaj yeem qhib thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsis ua haujlwm. Cov roj teeb raug them thaum nres. Muab piv rau tag nrho hybrids ib nrab hybrids muaj cov roj teeb me me thiab lub tshuab hluav taws xob me me. Yog li ntawd, lawv qhov hnyav hnyav thiab lawv cov nqi tsim khoom qis dua. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov kev tsim no yog qhov loj-loj Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid, ua rau xyoo 2005-2007. Nws txuag tau li 10 feem pua. thaum switching tawm thiab nyob rau hauv lub combustion engine thiab recuperation ntawm lub zog thaum lub sij hawm braking.

Hybrids ntawm hybrids thiab hluav taws xob

Lwm pawg ntawm hybrids yuav tsum tau muab sijhawm ntau dua, uas qee txoj hauv kev yog lwm kauj ruam ntawm "cov hluav taws xob ntshiab". Cov no yog hybrid tsheb (PHEVs) uas cov roj teeb rau hluav taws xob tsav tuaj yeem raug them los ntawm qhov chaw sab nraud (6). Yog li, PHEV tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog ib lub tsheb sib xyaw ua ke thiab lub tsheb hluav taws xob. Nws yog nruab charge plug. Yog li ntawd, cov roj teeb kuj tseem muaj ntau zaus ntau dua, uas txhais tau hais tias nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho lub zog hluav taws xob ntau dua.

6. Daim duab ntawm lub tsheb hybrid

Yog li ntawd, hybrid tsheb siv roj tsawg dua li cov hybrids classic, feem ntau tuaj yeem khiav txog 50-60 km "ntawm tam sim no" yam tsis tau pib lub cav combustion, thiab tseem muaj kev ua tau zoo dua, vim tias cov hybrids feem ntau yog cov kev xaiv muaj zog tshaj plaws. tus qauv no.

Qhov ntau ntawm PHEV lub tsheb fais fab yog ntau zaus ntau dua li ntawm lub tsheb hybrid yam tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb no. Ob peb kaum kilometers no txaus txaus rau kev mus ncig hauv nroog, mus ua haujlwm lossis mus rau tom khw. Piv txwv li, hauv Skoda Superb II (7) Lub roj teeb tuaj yeem khaws cia txog li 13 kWh ntawm hluav taws xob, uas muab ntau txog 62 km hauv xoom emission hom. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, thaum peb nres peb cov hybrid hauv tsev thiab rov qab los tsev, peb tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev siv roj nruab nrab ntawm 0 l / 100 km. Lub cav combustion sab hauv tiv thaiv lub roj teeb tawm ntawm qhov chaw uas tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau lub zog hluav taws xob, thiab, tau kawg, tso cai rau koj tsis txhob txhawj txog qhov ntau ntawm kev mus ncig ntev.

7. Skoda Superb iV hybrid thaum them nyiaj

ib yam tseem ceeb hom hybrids nruab nrog lub zog hluav taws xob muaj zog - hauv rooj plaub Skoda Superb II nws cov parameter yog 116 hp. thiab 330 Nm ntawm torque. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, lub tsheb tsis tsuas yog ceev ceev tam sim ntawd (lub cev muaj zog tsav lub tsheb ceev ceev, txawm tias nws khiav ceev npaum li cas), vim tias Skoda tshaj tawm tias Superb nce mus txog 60 km / h hauv 5 vib nas this. tseem tuaj yeem ua kom lub tsheb nrawm mus txog 140 km / h - qhov no tso cai rau koj tsav tsheb tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab nyob rau hauv hom xoom-emission, piv txwv li ntawm txoj kev nplhaib lossis txoj kev tsheb.

Thaum tsav tsheb, lub tsheb feem ntau yog tsav los ntawm ob lub cav (lub cav combustion yog siv los ntawm hluav taws xob, yog li nws siv roj tsawg dua hauv lub tsheb), tab sis thaum koj tso cov pa roj, nres, lossis tsav ntawm qhov ceev tsis tu ncua, combustion cav kaw lub cav thiab tsuas yog tom qab hluav taws xob lub cev muaj zog tsav lub log. Yog li lub tshuab ua haujlwm zoo li classic hybrid thiab restores zog nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev - nrog txhua braking, lub zog yog rov qab thiab mus rau lub roj teeb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no; nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws ua hauj lwm precisely kom lub internal combustion engine yuav muab tua ntau zaus.

Thawj lub tsheb plug-in hybrid tau pib ua lag luam los ntawm Suav chaw tsim khoom BYD Auto thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2008. F3DM PHEV-62 model. Premiere ntawm plug-in hybrid version ntawm lub nrov tshaj plaws hluav taws xob tsheb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, Chevrolet Volttau tshwm sim hauv 2010. T.sawv premiered nyob rau hauv 2012.

Txawm hais tias tsis yog txhua tus qauv ua haujlwm zoo ib yam, feem ntau ntawm lawv tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv ob lossis ntau hom: "tag nrho cov hluav taws xob", qhov twg lub cav thiab roj teeb muab tag nrho lub zog rau lub tsheb, thiab "hybrid", uas siv hluav taws xob thiab roj av. . PHEVs feem ntau ua haujlwm hauv txhua hom hluav taws xob, khiav hluav taws xob kom txog thaum lub roj teeb tag. Qee cov qauv hloov mus rau hom hybrid tom qab ncav cuag lub hom phiaj ceev ntawm txoj kev loj, feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm 100 km / h.

Sib nrug los ntawm Skoda Superb iV tau piav qhia saum toj no, cov qauv nrov tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws yog Kia Niro PHEV, Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in, BMW 530e thiab X5 xDrive45e, Mercedes E 300 ei E 300 de, Volvo XC60 Recharge, Ford Kuga PHEV, Audi Q5 TFSI e, Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid.

Hybrids los ntawm qhov tob ntawm hiav txwv mus rau saum ntuj

Nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov qhov ntawd hybrid tsav siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ntu ntawm cov neeg nrog caij tsheb thiab tsheb feem ntau. Piv txwv li hybrid tsav systems siv diesel xyaw los yog turboelectric zog rau fais fab railway locomotives, tsheb npav, tsheb thauj khoom, mobile hydraulic machines thiab nkoj.

Hauv cov qauv loj, nws feem ntau zoo li qhov no diesel/turbine cav tsav lub tshuab hluav taws xob lossis hydro twjuas tsav lub tshuab hluav taws xob / hydraulic. Hauv cov tsheb loj, cov txheeb ze lub zog poob qis thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev faib hluav taws xob los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob lossis cov kav dej es tsis yog cov khoom siv tshuab ua kom pom tseeb dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub zog xa mus rau ntau lub tshuab tsav xws li lub log lossis lub kiv cua. Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, cov tsheb hnyav muaj me me ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li hydraulic accumulators / accumulators.

Qee qhov kev tsim qauv qub tshaj plaws yog hybrid non-nuclear submarine tsav tshebkhiav ntawm raw diesels thiab underwater roj teeb. Piv txwv li, Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II submarines siv ob qho tib si serial thiab parallel systems.

Tsawg tus paub zoo, tab sis tsis muaj tsawg nthuav tsim yog roj-hydraulic hybrids. Xyoo 1978, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Minnesota Hennepin Vocational and Technical Center hauv Minneapolis tau hloov lub Volkswagen Beetle rau hauv. Petrol-hydraulic hybrid nrog cov khoom tiav. Nyob rau hauv lub 90s, American engineers los ntawm lub EPA laboratory tsim ib tug "petro-hydraulic" kis tau tus mob rau ib tug raug American sedan.

Lub tsheb xeem tau mus txog qhov ceev ntawm 130 km / h nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib xyaw hauv nroog thiab kev loj tsav tsheb. Acceleration ntawm 0 mus rau 100 km / h yog 8 vib nas this siv lub 1,9 liter diesel cav. Lub EPA kwv yees tias cov khoom siv hydraulic tsim ntau ntxiv tsuas yog $ 700 rau tus nqi ntawm lub tsheb. Kev sim EPA tau sim Ford Expedition's petrol-hydraulic hybrid tsim, uas siv 7,4 litres roj ib 100 kilometers hauv nroog tsheb. US courier tuam txhab UPS tam sim no ua haujlwm ob lub tsheb thauj khoom siv tshuab no (8).

8. Hydraulic hybrid hauv kev pabcuam ntawm UPS

Cov tub rog Asmeskas tau sim Humvee hybrid SUVs txij li xyoo 1985. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas tau sau tseg tsis yog tsuas yog muaj zog dua thiab kev lag luam roj ntau dua, tab sis kuj, piv txwv li, kev kos npe thermal me me thiab kev ua haujlwm ntsiag to ntawm cov tshuab no, uas, raws li koj xav, tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev siv tub rog.

daim ntawv thaum ntxov hybrid propulsion system rau kev thauj mus los hauv hiav txwv muaj ships nrog sails ntawm masts thiab chav tshuab hauv qab lawj. Lwm qhov piv txwv twb tau hais lawm diesel-electric submarine. Tshiab dua, txawm tias dua qub, hybrid propulsion systems rau nkoj suav nrog, ntawm lwm tus, cov kites loj los ntawm cov tuam txhab xws li SkySails. Towing kites lawv tuaj yeem ya ntawm qhov siab ntau zaus ntau dua qhov siab tshaj lub nkoj masts, cuam tshuam cov cua muaj zog thiab ruaj khov.

Cov tswv yim hybrid thaum kawg tau pom lawv txoj hauv kev hauv aviation. Piv txwv li, tus qauv aircraft (9) tau nruab nrog hybrid exchangeable membrane system (PEM) mus txog rau lub cev muaj zog movuas yog txuas nrog ib tug pa kiv cua. Cov roj cell muab tag nrho lub zog rau lub caij nkoj. Thaum lub sij hawm nqa tawm thiab nce, lub zog xav tau feem ntau ntawm kev ya davhlau, lub kaw lus siv lub teeb yuag lithium-ion roj teeb. Lub dav hlau ua qauv kuj tseem yog Dimona lub cev muaj zog glider, ua los ntawm Austrian lub tuam txhab Pob Zeb Diamond Aircraft Industries, uas tau ua cov kev hloov kho rau tus tsim ntawm lub dav hlau. Nrog lub tisspan ntawm 16,3 meters, lub dav hlau yuav tuaj yeem ya ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 100 km / h, siv lub zog tau txais los ntawm cov roj cell.

9 Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Aircraft

Tsis yog txhua yam yog liab

Nws yog undeniable tias, vim hais tias ntawm complexity ntawm kev tsim ntawm hybrid tsheb tshaj li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov pa tsheb, qhov txo nyob rau hauv lub tsheb emissions ntau tshaj li compensates rau cov emissions. Cov tsheb hybrid tuaj yeem txiav cov emissions ntawm smog-ua pa paug mus txog 90 feem pua. thiab txiav carbon emissions nyob rau hauv ib nrab.

Txawm tias Hybrid tsheb siv roj tsawg dua li cov tsheb qub, tseem muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm hybrid tsheb roj teeb. Feem ntau hybrid tsheb roj teeb niaj hnub no poob rau hauv ib qho ntawm ob hom: npib tsib xee-hlau hydride lossis lithium-ion. Txawm li cas los xij, ob qho tib si tseem suav tias yog ib puag ncig zoo dua li cov roj teeb txhuas, uas tam sim no ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov roj teeb pib hauv tsheb roj av.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg ntawm no hais tias cov ntaub ntawv yog tsis unambiguous. General toxicity thiab ib puag ncig raug nickel hydride roj teeb suav tias yog qis dua li qhov xwm txheej lead acid roj teeb los yog siv cadmium. Lwm qhov chaw hais tias cov roj teeb nickel-hlau hydride muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li cov roj ntsha lead-acid, thiab cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab thiab kev nyab xeeb pov tseg yog lub nra hnyav dua. Ntau yam dej tsis sib haum thiab tsis sib haum ntawm nickel, xws li npib tsib xee chloride thiab npib tsib xee oxide, tau pom tias muaj cov teebmeem carcinogenic paub zoo hauv kev sim tsiaj.

Cov accumulators Tam sim no lawv tau suav hais tias yog lwm txoj kev txaus nyiam vim tias lawv muaj lub zog siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub roj teeb thiab tuaj yeem tsim ntau dua peb zaug ntawm qhov hluav taws xob ntawm NiMH roj teeb hlwb thaum tswj cov ntim siab. Hluav taws xob. Cov roj teeb no kuj tsim tau lub zog ntau dua thiab ua tau zoo dua, tsis txhob siv lub zog pov tseg kom ntau dua thiab muab kev ua haujlwm zoo dua, nrog lub roj teeb lub neej mus txog ntawm lub tsheb. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev siv cov roj teeb lithium-ion txo qhov hnyav tag nrho ntawm lub tsheb, thiab tseem tso cai rau koj kom tau txais 30 feem pua. txhim kho roj kev lag luam dua li cov tsheb siv roj av, nrog kev txo qis hauv CO emissions₂.

Hmoov tsis zoo, cov thev naus laus zis nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab yog destined nyob ntawm qhov nyuaj nrhiav thiab cov khoom kim dua. Txoj kev tsim lub cev muaj zog thiab lwm qhov ntawm cov tsheb hybrid xav tau, ntawm lwm yam, cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li dysprosium, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj lub caij tsim nyog rau kev tsim ntau yam ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob siab heev thiab cov roj teeb hauv cov tshuab hybrid propulsion. Los yog neodymium, lwm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau nplaum muaj zog siv nyob rau hauv cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov motors.

Yuav luag txhua lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv ntiaj teb tuaj los ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Ntau qhov chaw tsis yog Suav xws li Hoidas Lake nyob rau sab qaum teb Canada los yog Mount Veld nyob rau hauv teb chaws Australia tam sim no tab tom txhim kho. Yog tias peb tsis pom lwm txoj kev daws teeb meem, txawm tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tso nyiaj tshiab lossis cov khoom siv uas yuav hloov cov hlau tsis tshua muaj, ces yeej yuav muaj kev nce nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Thiab qhov no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov phiaj xwm los txo qis emissions los ntawm maj mam phasing tawm roj av los ntawm kev ua lag luam.

Tseem muaj teeb meem, dhau li ntawm qhov nce ntawm tus nqi, ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees. Hauv 2017, UN tsab ntawv ceeb toom qhia txog kev tsim txom cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv cobalt mines, ib qho tseem ceeb heev raw khoom rau peb cov technologies ntsuab, nrog rau cov tiam tshiab ntawm hluav taws xob motors nyob rau hauv lub Democratic Republic of the Congo (DCR). Lub ntiaj teb no tau kawm txog cov menyuam yaus uas raug yuam ua haujlwm hauv qhov qias neeg, txaus ntshai thiab feem ntau muaj tshuaj lom cov pob zeb cobalt thaum muaj hnub nyoog plaub xyoos. Lub tebchaws United Nations kwv yees tias kwv yees li yim caum tus menyuam tuag hauv cov mines no txhua xyoo. Txog li 40 tus menyuam yaus raug yuam ua haujlwm txhua hnub. Qee zaum qhov ntawd yog tus nqi qias neeg ntawm peb cov hybrids ntshiab.

Exhaust yeeb nkab innovation tau txhawb nqa

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj xov xwm zoo rau hybrid txoj kev thiab muaj kev xav dav dav rau cov tsheb huv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau tsim ib qho kev cog lus thiab xav tsis thoob yooj yim hloov kho ntawm diesel xyawuas tuaj yeem ua ke nrog hluav taws xob tsav hauv hybrid systems. Diesel tsav qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau lawv me me, pheej yig dua, thiab tswj tau yooj yim dua. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, lawv yuav huv dua.

Charles Mueller thiab peb ntawm nws cov npoj yaig ntawm Sandia National Laboratory chaw tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov kho hu ua Channel Fuel Injection (DFI-). Nws yog ua raws li txoj cai yooj yim ntawm Bunsen burner. Cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias DFI tuaj yeem txo qis cov pa tawm thiab DPF txoj kev nyiam ua rau khaus khaus. Raws li Muller, nws qhov kev tsim kho tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv lub sijhawm hloov roj los ntawm kev txo cov kua qaub hauv crankcase.

Yog li nws ua haujlwm li cas? Nozzles nyob rau hauv cov pa roj diesel lawv tsim cov nplua nuj sib xyaw hauv thaj chaw combustion chamber. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, cov cheeb tsam no muaj cov roj los ntawm ob mus rau kaum npaug ntau dua li qhov tsim nyog rau nws cov combustion tiav. Nrog xws li ib tug ntau ntawm cov roj nyob rau hauv high kub, yuav tsum muaj ib tug nyiam tsim ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm soot. Kev teeb tsa ntawm DFI ducts tso cai rau kev sib xyaw kom zoo ntawm cov roj diesel nrog me me los yog tsis muaj qhov tsim. "Peb cov khoom sib tov muaj roj tsawg," piav qhia Müller hauv kev tshaj tawm txog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab.

Cov channel uas Mr. Muller tab tom tham txog yog cov raj tau teeb tsa luv luv ntawm qhov chaw uas lawv tawm ntawm lub qhov nozzle. Lawv yog ntsia rau hauv qab ntawm lub tog raj kheej taub hau ntawm ib sab ntawm lub injector. Müller ntseeg tias thaum kawg lawv yuav ua los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias resistant alloy kom tiv taus lub zog kub ntawm combustion. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li nws, cov nqi ntxiv uas cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov khoom tsim los ntawm nws pab neeg yuav tsawg.

Thaum lub combustion system tsim cov dej tsawg, nws tuaj yeem siv tau zoo dua. tso pa roj recirculation system (EGR) txo cov nitrogen oxides, NOx. Raws li cov neeg tsim tawm ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem, qhov no tuaj yeem txo cov kua qaub thiab NOx tawm ntawm lub cav mus rau ib feem kaum ntawm qib tam sim no. Lawv kuj tau sau tseg tias lawv lub tswv yim yuav pab txo qis CO emissions.₂ thiab lwm yam khoom uas ua rau lub ntiaj teb sov sov.

Cov saum toj no tsis yog tsuas yog ib lub teeb liab hais tias, tej zaum, peb yuav tsis hais goodbye rau diesel xyaw sai sai, uas muaj ntau twb tau tso tseg. Innovations nyob rau hauv combustion drive technology yog ib tug txuas ntxiv ntawm kev xav tom qab lub loj hlob muaj koob meej ntawm hybrids. Nws yog lub tswv yim ntawm cov kauj ruam me me, maj mam txo lub nra ntawm ib puag ncig los ntawm tsheb. Nws yog qhov zoo uas yuav tsum paub tias kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cov kev taw qhia no tshwm sim tsis yog nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob ntawm hybrid, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov roj.