Tsheb fais nag hmo, hnub no, tag kis: ntu 3

Lub sijhawm "lithium-ion roj teeb" hides ntau yam ntawm cov thev naus laus zis.

Ib yam yog qhov tseeb - tsuav yog lithium-ion electrochemistry tseem tsis hloov pauv hauv qhov no. Tsis muaj lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tuaj yeem sib tw nrog lithium-ion. Lub ntsiab lus, txawm li cas los xij, yog tias muaj cov qauv tsim sib txawv uas siv cov khoom sib txawv rau cov cathode, anode thiab electrolyte, txhua tus muaj qhov zoo sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntev (tus naj npawb ntawm cov nqi them thiab tawm mus txog rau qhov muaj peev xwm seem rau lub tsheb fais fab. ntawm 80%), lub zog tshwj xeeb kWh / kg, nqi euro / kg lossis lub zog rau lub zog piv.

Rov qab rau hauv lub sijhawm

Muaj peev xwm ua tiav cov txheej txheem electrochemical hauv qhov hu ua. Lithium-ion hlwb los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm lithium protons thiab electrons los ntawm lithium hlws ris ntawm cathode thaum them nyiaj. Lub lithium atom yooj yim pub dawb ib qho ntawm peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob, tab sis rau tib yam vim li cas nws thiaj li muaj zog heev thiab yuav tsum tau cais tawm ntawm huab cua thiab dej. Hauv qhov hluav taws xob qhov hluav taws xob, cov hluav taws xob pib txav mus raws lawv lub voj voog, thiab cov ions raug coj mus rau carbon-lithium anode thiab, dhau los ntawm daim nyias nyias, txuas nrog nws. Thaum lub sij hawm tso tawm, qhov rov qab txav tshwm sim - cov ions rov qab mus rau cathode, thiab cov electrons, dhau los, dhau los ntawm cov hluav taws xob sab nraud. Txawm li cas los xij, kev them nyiaj tam sim no ceev ceev thiab kev tso tawm tag nrho ua rau muaj kev sib txuas tshiab, ruaj khov uas txo lossis txawm tias nres lub roj teeb ua haujlwm. Lub tswv yim tom qab siv lithium los ua ib qho khoom pub dawb stems los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws yog cov hlau lightest thiab tau yooj yim tso tawm protons thiab electrons raws li txoj cai. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tso tseg sai sai rau kev siv cov lithium ntshiab vim nws qhov tsis muaj zog, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog huab cua, thiab vim li cas kev nyab xeeb.

Thawj lub roj teeb lithium-ion tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1970 los ntawm Michael Whittingham, uas siv cov ntshiab lithium thiab titanium sulfide ua cov roj hluav taws xob. Qhov hluav taws xob no tsis siv lawm, tab sis tiag tiag nteg cov hauv paus rau lithium-ion roj teeb. Hauv xyoo 1970, Samar Basu qhia txog kev muaj peev xwm nqus cov lithium ions los ntawm graphite, tab sis vim yog lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm, cov roj teeb ua rau nws tus kheej puas tsuaj thaum them thiab tawm. Xyoo 1980, kev tsim kho hnyav tau pib pom cov roj ntsha lithium uas tsim nyog rau lub cathode thiab anode ntawm cov roj teeb, thiab qhov kev txhim kho tiag tiag tau tuaj xyoo 1991.

NCA, NCM lithium hlwb ... qhov no txhais tau li cas tiag?

Tom qab kev sim nrog ntau yam lithium tebchaw hauv xyoo 1991, kev siv zog ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav nrog kev ua tiav - Sony pib tsim cov roj teeb lithium-ion loj. Tam sim no, roj teeb ntawm cov hom no muaj cov zis ntau tshaj plaws lub zog thiab lub zog ntom ntom, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, muaj peev xwm loj tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho. Nyob ntawm cov roj teeb uas yuav tsum tau ua, cov tuam txhab tau tig mus rau ntau yam lithium compounds raws li cov khoom siv cathode. Cov no yog lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), cov tebchaw nrog npib tsib xee, cobalt thiab txhuas (NCA) lossis nrog npib tsib xee, cobalt thiab manganese (NCM), lithium hlau phosphate (LFP), lithium manganese spinel (LMS), lithium titanium oxide (LTO) thiab lwm tus. Cov electrolyte yog ib qho sib xyaw ntawm lithium ntsev thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic thiab tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau "kev txav mus los" ntawm lithium ions, thiab cov khoom sib cais, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tiv thaiv luv luv los ntawm kev permeable rau lithium ions, feem ntau yog polyethylene lossis polypropylene.

Cov khoom tawm hluav taws xob, muaj peev xwm, lossis ob qho tib si

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj teeb yog lub zog siv, kev cia siab thiab kev nyab xeeb. Cov roj teeb uas tam sim no tau tsim cov ntau yam ntawm cov kev zoo no thiab, nyob ntawm cov khoom siv uas siv, muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm 100 rau 265 W / kg (thiab lub zog ceev ntawm 400 txog 700 W / L). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv qhov teeb meem no yog cov roj teeb ntawm NCA thiab cov LFPs phem tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv yog ib sab ntawm npib. Txhawm rau kom ob qho tib si lub zog tshwj xeeb thiab lub zog ntom ntom, ntau yam nanostructures tau siv los nqus cov khoom siv ntau dua thiab muab cov kev ua tau zoo dua ntawm cov ion ntws. Coob tus ions, "khaws cia" nyob hauv ib qho chaw ruaj khov, thiab kev coj ua yog qhov ua ntej rau kev them nqi sai, thiab kev tsim kho tau raws li cov lus qhia no. Tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim cov roj teeb yuav tsum tau muab lub zog uas yuav tsum muaj rau qhov muaj peev xwm sib piv nyob ntawm hom ntawm kev tsav. Piv txwv li, cov ntsaws cov kab sib txuas yuav tsum muaj qhov sib piv ntau zog-rau-muaj peev xwm piv rau qhov pom tseeb. Cov kev tsim niaj hnub no tau tsom rau cov roj teeb xws li NCA (LiNiCoAlO2 nrog cathode thiab graphite anode) thiab NMC 811 (LiNiMnCoO2 nrog cathode thiab graphite anode). Cov qub muaj (sab nraud ntawm lithium) txog 80% npib tsib xee, 15% cobalt thiab 5% txhuas thiab muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm 200-250 W / kg, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv muaj kev txwv tsis tshua siv hnyav cobalt thiab kev pab cuam lub neej txog li 1500 cycles. Cov roj teeb zoo li no yuav raug tsim los ntawm Tesla ntawm nws cov Gigafactory hauv Nevada. Thaum nws ncav cuag nws cov peev txheej tiav (hauv 2020 lossis 2021, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej), lub tshuab hluav taws xob yuav tsim 35 GWh roj teeb, txaus lub zog rau 500 lub tsheb. Qhov no yuav txuas ntxiv txo tus nqi ntawm cov roj teeb.

NMC 811 roj teeb muaj lub zog tshwj xeeb me ntsis (140-200W / kg) tab sis muaj lub neej ntev dua, ncav cuag 2000 tag nrho cov voj voog, thiab yog 80% npib tsib xee, 10% manganese thiab 10% cobalt. Tam sim no, txhua lub tuam txhab roj teeb siv ib qho ntawm ob hom no. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb yog Suav tuam txhab BYD, uas ua rau LFP roj teeb. Cov tsheb nruab nrog lawv hnyav dua, tab sis lawv tsis xav tau cobalt. Cov roj teeb NCA yog nyiam rau cov tsheb hluav taws xob thiab NMC rau plug-in hybrids vim lawv qhov zoo ntawm lub zog ceev thiab lub zog ntom ntom. Piv txwv yog hluav taws xob e-Golf nrog lub zog / muaj peev xwm piv ntawm 2,8 thiab plug-in hybrid Golf GTE nrog qhov sib piv ntawm 8,5. Hauv lub npe ntawm tus nqi qis, VW npaj siab siv tib lub hlwb rau txhua hom roj teeb. Thiab ib qho ntxiv - lub peev xwm ntawm lub roj teeb loj dua, qhov tsawg dua qhov kev tso tawm tag nrho thiab cov nqi, thiab qhov no ua rau nws lub neej kev pab, yog li ntawd - lub roj teeb loj dua, qhov zoo dua. Qhov thib ob txhawj xeeb hybrids raws li qhov teeb meem.

Kev lag luam muaj qauv

Tam sim no, qhov kev thov rau cov roj teeb rau kev thauj mus los twb dhau qhov kev thov rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nws tseem kwv yees tias 2020 lab lub tsheb hluav taws xob hauv ib xyoos yuav raug muag thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm 1,5, uas yuav pab txo qis cov nqi roj teeb. Xyoo 2010, tus nqi ntawm 1 kWh ntawm lithium-ion cell yog kwv yees li 900 euros, thiab tam sim no nws tsawg dua 200 euros. 25% ntawm tus nqi ntawm tag nrho cov roj teeb yog rau cathode, 8% rau cov anode, cais thiab electrolyte, 16% rau tag nrho lwm cov roj teeb hlwb thiab 35% rau tag nrho cov roj teeb tsim. Hauv lwm lo lus, lithium-ion hlwb pab txhawb 65 feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov nqi roj teeb. Kwv yees Tesla tus nqi rau 2020 thaum Gigafactory 1 nkag mus rau kev pabcuam yog nyob ib puag ncig 300 € / kWh rau NCA roj teeb thiab tus nqi suav nrog cov khoom tiav nrog qee qhov nruab nrab VAT thiab lav. Tseem yog tus nqi ncaj ncees, uas yuav poob mus ntxiv rau lub sijhawm.

Cov peev txheej tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj ntsha lithium muaj nyob hauv Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Tuam Tshoj, Tebchaws Asmeskas, Australia, Canada, Russia, Congo thiab Serbia, nrog feem coob tam sim no tau raug khawb los ntawm cov pas dej qhuav. Raws li cov roj teeb ntau thiab ntau dua, cov kev lag luam rau cov khoom siv rov ua dua los ntawm cov roj teeb qub yuav nce ntxiv. Tseem ceeb, txawm li cas los xij, yog qhov teeb meem ntawm cobalt, uas, txawm hais tias tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau, yog mined raws li by-product nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm nickel thiab tooj liab. Cobalt yog mined, txawm hais tias nws tsis tshua muaj siab nyob hauv av, hauv Congo (uas muaj cov peev txheej ntau tshaj plaws), tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas muaj kev sib tw nrog kev ncaj ncees, kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.

Advanced technology

Nws yuav tsum tau yug los hauv lub siab tias cov thev naus laus zis tau tsim los ua qhov kev cia siab rau yav tom ntej yog qhov tseeb tsis yog qhov pib tshiab, tab sis yog cov kev xaiv lithium-ion. Cov no yog, piv txwv li, roj teeb-lub xeev muaj zog, uas siv cov roj hluav taws xob tsis zoo ua kua (los yog cov kua roj hauv cov roj lithium polymer roj teeb). Txoj kev daws teeb meem no muab cov qauv tsim hluav taws xob ntau dua, uas ua txhaum lawv cov kev ntseeg thaum them rau cov siab tam sim no, feem. siab kub thiab siab load. Qhov no tuaj yeem nce ntxiv them tam sim no, electrode ntom thiab lub zog ntim. Cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev cov roj teeb tseem nyob rau theem pib ntawm kev txhim kho thiab tsis zoo li yuav tsum ntaus cov khoom lag luam kom txog thaum ib nrab xyoo kaum xyoo.

Ib qho ntawm qhov khoom plig yeej pib ntawm 2017 BMW Kev Tsim Kho Tshiab thev naus laus zis sib tw hauv Amsterdam yog lub tuam txhab siv roj teeb uas nws cov silicon anode ua rau lub zog ntom ntom. Engineers yog ua hauj lwm rau ntau yam nanotechnologies rau muab ntau dua ceev thiab lub dag lub zog rau cov khoom ntawm ob lub anode thiab cathode, thiab ib tug daws yog siv graphene. Cov txheej txheej me me ntawm graphite nrog tib lub atom tuab thiab cov qauv hexagonal atomic yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cog lus tshaj plaws. "Graphene ball" tsim los ntawm lub roj teeb cell chaw tsim tshuaj paus Samsung SDI, koom ua ke rau hauv cathode thiab anode qauv, muab lub zog siab dua, permeability thiab ntom ntawm cov khoom thiab qhov sib xws nce hauv lub peev xwm kwv yees li 45% thiab tsib zaug sai dua lub sijhawm them. thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem tau txais qhov kev xav zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm Formula E lub tsheb, uas tej zaum yuav yog thawj zaug uas tau nruab nrog cov roj teeb zoo li no.

Cov ua si ntawm theem no

Lub ntsiab players raws li Tier 123 thiab Tier 2020 lwm tus, xws li xov tooj ntawm tes thiab roj teeb manufacturers, yog Nyiv (Panasonic, Sony, GS Yuasa thiab Hitachi Tsheb Zog), Kauslim Teb (LG Chem, Samsung, Kokam thiab SK Innovation), Tuam Tshoj (BYD Company) . , ATL thiab Lishen) thiab Asmeskas (Tesla, Johnson Controls, A30 Systems, EnerDel thiab Valence Technology). Cov chaw muag khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes tam sim no yog LG Chem, Panasonic, Samsung SDI (Korea), AESC (Nyiv), BYD (Tuam Tshoj) thiab CATL (Tuam Tshoj), uas muaj kev ua lag luam ntawm ob feem peb. Nyob rau theem no hauv Tebchaws Europe, lawv tsuas yog tawm tsam los ntawm BMZ Group los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Northvolth los ntawm Sweden. Nrog rau kev tshaj tawm Tesla's Gigafactory hauv XNUMX, qhov kev faib ua feem no yuav hloov pauv - lub tuam txhab Asmeskas yuav suav txog XNUMX% ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsim cov lithium-ion hlwb. Cov tuam txhab xws li Daimler thiab BMW twb tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus nrog qee lub tuam txhab no, xws li CATL, uas tab tom tsim cov nroj tsuag hauv Tebchaws Europe.