Cia peb ua peb li thiab tej zaum yuav muaj kev hloov pauv

Cov kev tshawb pom zoo, kev ua siab loj theories, kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua tiav. Cov xov xwm yog tag nrho ntawm cov formulations, feem ntau exaggerated. Qee qhov hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm "zoo physics", LHC, cov lus nug tseem ceeb hauv cosmological thiab kev sib ntaus tawm tsam tus Qauv Qauv, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav kev ua haujlwm ntsiag to ua lawv txoj haujlwm, xav txog kev siv tswv yim thiab nthuav peb cov kev paub dhau los.

"Cia li ua peb tus kheej" tuaj yeem yog cov lus hais ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb koom nrog kev tsim kho thermonuclear fusion. Rau, txawm tias cov lus teb zoo rau cov lus nug loj, kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov tswv yim, zoo li cov teeb meem tsis tseem ceeb cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem no muaj peev xwm hloov pauv lub ntiaj teb.

Tej zaum, piv txwv li, nws yuav ua tau me me-scale nuclear fusion - nrog cov khoom siv uas haum rau ntawm lub rooj. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm University of Washington tau tsim lub cuab yeej xyoo tas los Z-pinch (1), uas muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fusion tsis pub dhau 5 microseconds, txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog qhov miniaturization ntawm lub reactor, uas tsuas yog 1,5 m ntev.

Tsis zoo heev, tab sis tej zaum tseem ceeb heev kev rau siab . Raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm US Department of Energy (DOE), luam tawm thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2018 hauv phau ntawv Journal Physics of Plasmas, fusion reactors muaj peev xwm tswj cov ntshav oscillation. Cov nthwv dej no thawb cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab tawm ntawm thaj chaw tshuaj tiv thaiv, noj nrog lawv qee lub zog xav tau rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fusion. Kev tshawb fawb DOE tshiab piav qhia txog cov kev sim hauv computer uas muaj peev xwm taug qab thiab kwv yees kev tsim nthwv dej, muab cov kws kho mob muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem thiab khaws cov khoom hauv qab. Cov kws tshawb fawb vam tias lawv txoj haujlwm yuav pab tau rau hauv kev tsim kho ITER, tej zaum qhov nto moo tshaj plaws kev sim fusion reactor project nyob rau Fabkis.

Kuj achievements xws li plasma kub 100 lab degrees Celsius, tau txais thaum kawg ntawm xyoo tas los los ntawm ib pab neeg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Tuam Tshoj lub koom haum ntawm Plasma Physics hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev nce qib mus rau fusion zoo. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij tawm tswv yim rau txoj kev tshawb fawb, nws yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov project ITER hais saum toj no, uas Tuam Tshoj koom nrog 35 lwm lub teb chaws.

Superconductors thiab electronics

Lwm thaj chaw uas muaj peev xwm loj, qhov me me, ua rau mob siab rau cov kauj ruam es tsis txhob muaj kev tawg loj, yog kev tshawb nrhiav rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob kub kub. (2). Hmoov tsis zoo, muaj ntau lub tswb cuav thiab kev txhawj xeeb ntxov ntxov. Feem ntau rave xov xwm tshaj tawm dhau los ua exaggerations lossis tsuas yog tsis tseeb. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv loj dua muaj ib txwm "tab sis". Raws li nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom tsis ntev los no, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm University of Chicago tau tshawb pom superconductivity, muaj peev xwm ua hluav taws xob yam tsis tau poob ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj plaws uas tau sau tseg. Siv cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis ntawm Argonne National Laboratory, ib pab neeg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv zos tau kawm ib chav kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv tau pom superconductivity ntawm qhov kub ntawm -23 ° C. Qhov no yog dhia ntawm li 50 degrees los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau lees paub dhau los.

2. Superconductor nyob rau hauv magnetic teb

Kev ntes, txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj yuav tsum siv ntau lub zog. Cov ntaub ntawv uas tau sim yog hydrides. Rau qee lub sijhawm, lanthanum perhydride tau muaj kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb. Cov kev sim tau pom tias cov qauv nyias nyias ntawm cov khoom no nthuav tawm superconductivity nyob rau hauv qhov siab ntawm 150 txog 170 gigapascals. Cov txiaj ntsig tau luam tawm thaum lub Tsib Hlis hauv phau ntawv Journal Nature, co-sau los ntawm Prof. Vitaly Prokopenko thiab Eran Greenberg.

Txhawm rau xav txog kev siv cov ntaub ntawv no, koj yuav tsum tau txo qis thiab qhov kub thiab txias, vim tias txawm tias mus txog -23 ° C tsis yog qhov ua tau zoo heev. Ua hauj lwm rau nws yog ib qho me me kauj ruam physics, mus rau xyoo nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam thoob ntiaj teb.

Tib yam siv rau kev tshawb fawb siv. magnetic phenomena nyob rau hauv electronics. Tsis ntev los no, siv cov kev sojntsuam sib nqus zoo heev, ib pab pawg kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb tau pom cov pov thawj xav tsis thoob tias cov hlau nplaum uas tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej nyias nyias ntawm cov hlau nplaum tsis muaj hlau nplaum tuaj yeem tswj tau yooj yim los ntawm kev siv cov tshuab me me. Qhov kev tshawb pom, tshaj tawm hauv Nature Physics lub Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj dhau los, qhia txog txoj hauv kev tshiab thiab npaj txhij txog los tswj cov hlau nplaum, tso cai rau kev xav txog kev nco denser magnetic thiab spintronics, piv txwv li.

Qhov kev tshawb pom no tsim lub sijhawm tshiab rau qhov miniaturization ntawm magnetic memory hlwb, uas niaj hnub no twb muaj qhov loj ntawm ntau kaum nanometers, tab sis lawv cov miniaturization ntxiv siv cov thev naus laus zis paub yog qhov nyuaj. Oxide interfaces sib xyaw ua ke ntau qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm lub cev xws li ob-seem conductivity thiab superconductivity. Kev tswj xyuas tam sim no los ntawm kev sib nqus hlau nplaum yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nrhiav cov khoom siv nrog cov khoom zoo, tseem pheej yig thiab pheej yig, yuav ua rau peb mob siab rau kev tsim kho spintronic.

nws nkees heev pov tseg cua sov tswj hauv electronics. UC Berkeley engineers tsis ntev los no tau tsim cov khoom siv zaj duab xis nyias (zaj duab xis thickness 50-100 nanometers) uas tuaj yeem siv los rov qab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los tsim hluav taws xob hauv qib uas tsis tau pom dua ua ntej hauv hom tshuab no. Nws siv cov txheej txheem hu ua pyroelectric zog hloov dua siab tshiab, uas tshiab engineering kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias yog zoo haum rau siv nyob rau hauv cov cua kub hauv qab 100 ° C. Qhov no tsuas yog ib qho piv txwv tshiab ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam no. Muaj ntau pua lossis ntau txhiab qhov kev tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb cuam tshuam txog kev tswj hwm hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob.

"Kuv tsis paub yog vim li cas, tab sis nws ua haujlwm"

Kev sim nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, lawv cov kev hloov pauv theem thiab cov xwm txheej topological yog ib qho kev cog lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig, nyuaj thiab tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev tshaj tawm. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau hais txog kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm physics, txawm hais tias nws tau txais ib tug ntau ntawm kev tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv xov xwm, lub thiaj li hu ua. mainstream lawv feem ntau tsis yeej.

Kev sim nrog theem hloov pauv hauv cov ntaub ntawv qee zaum coj cov txiaj ntsig tsis tau xav txog, piv txwv li hlau smelting nrog cov ntsiab lus melting siab chav kub. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov ua tiav tsis ntev los no ntawm cov qauv kub melting, uas feem ntau yaj ntawm 1064 ° C ntawm chav tsev kub, siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tau thim rov qab vim tias qhov hluav taws xob tua hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua kom cov kub zoo dua. Yog li, hluav taws xob teb tau koom nrog cov paub txog yam cuam tshuam rau theem kev hloov pauv, ntxiv rau qhov kub thiab txias.

Cov kev hloov theem kuj tau pom thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov pulses ntawm laser teeb. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm ntawm qhov tshwm sim no tau luam tawm thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2019 hauv phau ntawv Journal Nature Physics. Pab neeg thoob ntiaj teb kom ua tiav qhov no yog coj los ntawm Nuh Gedik (3), xibfwb ntawm physics ntawm Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias thaum lub sij hawm optically induced melting, theem kev hloov pauv tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim cov singularities nyob rau hauv cov khoom, hu ua topological tsis xws luag, uas nyob rau hauv lem cuam tshuam rau lub resulting electron thiab lattice dynamics nyob rau hauv cov khoom. Cov teeb meem saum toj no, raws li Gedik tau piav qhia hauv nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm, yog qhov zoo sib xws rau cov vortices me me uas tshwm sim hauv cov kua dej xws li dej.

Rau lawv cov kev tshawb fawb, cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv cov tshuaj lanthanum thiab tellurium LaTe.₃. Cov kws tshawb fawb piav qhia tias cov kauj ruam tom ntej yuav sim txiav txim siab seb lawv tuaj yeem "tsim cov teeb meem no li kev tswj hwm." Muaj peev xwm, qhov no tuaj yeem siv rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia, qhov twg lub teeb pulses yuav siv los sau lossis kho cov teeb meem hauv lub cev, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm.

Thiab txij li thaum peb tau mus rau ultrafast laser pulses, lawv siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam nthuav thwmsim thiab tej zaum yuav promising daim ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv kev xyaum yog ib lub ntsiab lus uas feem ntau tshwm nyob rau hauv scientific qhia. Piv txwv li, pab pawg ntawm Ignacio Franco, tus pab xibfwb ntawm chemistry thiab physics ntawm University of Rochester, tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias laser pulses ultrafast yuav siv tau li cas. distorting yam khoom Oraz hluav taws xob tam sim no tiam ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm dua li cov txheej txheem paub rau peb txog tam sim no. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau kho cov iav filaments nrog lub sijhawm ntawm ib lab ntawm ib billionth ntawm ib thib ob. Hauv ib lub qhov muag, cov khoom siv iav tau hloov mus ua ib yam dab tsi zoo li cov hlau uas ua rau hluav taws xob. Qhov no tshwm sim sai dua nyob rau hauv ib qho kev paub system nyob rau hauv tsis muaj ib tug thov voltage. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov ntws thiab qhov siv ntawm qhov tam sim no tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev hloov cov khoom ntawm lub laser beam. Thiab txij li thaum nws tuaj yeem tswj tau, txhua tus engineers electronics saib nrog kev txaus siab.

Franco tau piav qhia hauv kev tshaj tawm hauv Nature Communications.

Lub cev ntawm cov phenomena no tsis to taub tag nrho. Franco nws tus kheej xav tias cov mechanisms zoo li cov nyhuv stark, i.e., kev sib raug zoo ntawm emission los yog nqus ntawm lub teeb quanta nrog ib qho hluav taws xob teb. Yog tias nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm raws li cov xwm txheej no, peb yuav muaj lwm ntu ntawm engineering series hu ua Peb Tsis Paub Vim Li Cas, Tab sis Nws Ua Haujlwm.

rhiab heev thiab me me

Gyroscopes yog cov khoom siv uas pab tsheb, drones, nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv nqa tau yooj yim taug kev hauv qhov chaw peb sab. Tam sim no lawv tau siv dav hauv cov khoom siv uas peb siv txhua hnub. Thaum pib, gyroscopes yog ib txheej ntawm lub log nested, txhua tus uas tig ib ncig ntawm nws tus kheej axis. Niaj hnub no, hauv xov tooj ntawm tes, peb pom microelectromechanical sensors (MEMS) uas ntsuas kev hloov pauv hauv cov rog ua rau ob pawg sib xws, oscillating thiab txav mus rau qhov sib txawv.

MEMS gyroscopes muaj cov kev txwv tseem ceeb rhiab heev. Yog li nws yog tsev optical gyroscopes, tsis muaj qhov txav txav, rau tib txoj haujlwm uas siv qhov tshwm sim hu ua Sagnac nyhuv. Txawm li cas los xij, txog tam sim no muaj teeb meem ntawm lawv cov miniaturization. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws kev ua haujlwm siab kho qhov muag gyroscopes muaj ntau dua li lub pob ping pong thiab tsis haum rau ntau daim ntawv thov portable. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshaj lij ntawm Caltech University of Technology, coj los ntawm Ali Hadjimiri, tau tsim kho qhov muag kho qhov muag tshiab uas tsib puas npaug tsawgyam paub txog tam sim no4). Nws txhim kho nws qhov kev xav tau los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem tshiab hu ua "kev sib nrig sib txhawb» Nruab nrab ntawm ob kab teeb ntawm lub teeb uas siv nyob rau hauv ib tug raug Sagnac interferometer. Cov cuab yeej tshiab tau piav qhia hauv ib tsab xov xwm luam tawm hauv Nature Photonics lub Kaum Ib Hlis Ntuj dhau los.

4. Optical gyroscope tsim los ntawm Ali Hadjimiri thiab nws cov npoj yaig. 

Kev txhim kho ntawm qhov tseeb kho qhov muag gyroscope tuaj yeem txhim kho kev taw qhia ntawm smartphones. Nyob rau hauv lem, nws tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Columbia Engineering. thawj lub lens muaj peev xwm ua kom pom tseeb ntau yam xim ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus yam tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov ntsiab lus ntxiv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub peev xwm thaij duab ntawm cov khoom siv txawb. Lub revolutionary micron-thin ca lo ntsiab muag yog thinner dua li ib daim ntawv thiab muab kev ua tau zoo piv rau cov lo ntsiab muag premium composite. Pab pawg cov kev tshawb pom, coj los ntawm Nanfang Yu, tus pab xibfwb ntawm kev siv physics, tau nthuav tawm hauv kev tshawb fawb luam tawm hauv phau ntawv journal Nature.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim cov lo ntsiab muag tiaj tus los ntawm "cov metaatoms". Txhua metaatom yog ib feem ntawm lub wavelength ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv qhov loj thiab ncua lub teeb nthwv dej los ntawm qhov sib txawv. Los ntawm kev tsim ib txheej nyias nyias ntawm nanostructures ntawm ib lub substrate tuab li tib neeg cov plaub hau, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav cov haujlwm zoo ib yam li qhov tuab tuab thiab hnyav dua cov qauv siv lub lens. Metalens tuaj yeem hloov lub teeb pom kev zoo tib yam li cov TVs tiaj tus tau hloov cathode ray tube TVs.

Yog vim li cas ib tug loj collider thaum muaj lwm txoj kev

Lub physics ntawm cov kauj ruam me kuj tseem muaj cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Piv txwv li - es tsis yog tsim cov qauv loj loj thiab xav tau ntau dua, raws li ntau tus kws kho mob ua, ib tus tuaj yeem sim nrhiav cov lus teb rau cov lus nug loj nrog cov cuab yeej siv me me.

Feem ntau cov accelerators leeb particle beams los ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus teb. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qee lub sijhawm nws tau sim nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv - plasma accelerators, acceleration ntawm nqi hais xws li electrons, positrons thiab ions siv ib tug hluav taws xob teb ua ke nrog ib tug nthwv dej generated nyob rau hauv ib tug electron plasma. Tsis ntev los no kuv tau ua hauj lwm rau lawv cov tshiab version. Pab pawg AWAKE ntawm CERN siv cov protons (tsis yog electrons) los tsim cov plasma yoj. Hloov mus rau protons tuaj yeem coj cov khoom mus rau qib siab zog hauv ib kauj ruam ntawm kev nrawm. Lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm plasma awakening teb acceleration yuav tsum tau ob peb kauj ruam mus txog rau tib lub zog. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias lawv cov thev naus laus zis raws li proton tuaj yeem ua rau peb tsim cov khoom siv me me, pheej yig dua, thiab muaj zog dua rau yav tom ntej.

5. Ob-theem me me accelerator los ntawm DESY - pom kev

Nyob rau hauv lem, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm DESY (luv luv rau Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron - German hluav taws xob synchrotron) tau teeb tsa cov ntaub ntawv tshiab nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm miniaturization ntawm particle accelerators nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj. Lub terahertz accelerator ntau dua ob npaug ntawm lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj electrons (5). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev teeb tsa tau txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob zoo piv rau cov kev sim yav dhau los nrog cov txheej txheem no.

Franz Kärtner, tus thawj coj ntawm ultrafast optics thiab X-ray pawg ntawm DESY, tau piav qhia hauv tsab xov xwm. -

Cov cuab yeej cuam tshuam tau tsim qhov chaw nrawm nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 200 lab volts ib 'meter' (MV / m) - zoo li lub zog tshaj plaws niaj hnub pa accelerator.

Nyob rau hauv lem, ib tug tshiab, kuj me me detector ALPHA-g (6), ua los ntawm Canadian lub tuam txhab TRIUMF thiab xa mus rau CERN ua ntej xyoo no, muaj txoj haujlwm ntawm ntsuas qhov gravitational acceleration ntawm antimatter. Puas yog antimatter nrawm nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lub gravitational teb ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto los ntawm +9,8 m / s2 (down), los ntawm -9,8 m / s2 (nce), los ntawm 0 m / s2 (tsis muaj gravitational acceleration txhua), los yog muaj ib co lwm tus nqi? Qhov kawg muaj peev xwm yuav hloov pauv physics. Ib qho me me ALPHA-g apparatus tuaj yeem, ntxiv rau qhov ua pov thawj tias muaj "tiv thaiv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus", coj peb mus rau txoj hauv kev uas coj mus rau qhov paub tsis meej loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Ntawm qhov me me me, peb tab tom sim kawm txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qib qis dua. Saum toj no 60 billion revolutions ib ob nws tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Purdue University thiab Suav cov tsev kawm qib siab. Raws li cov kws sau ntawv ntawm qhov kev sim hauv ib tsab xov xwm luam tawm ob peb lub hlis dhau los hauv Cov Ntawv Tshawb Fawb Lub Cev, xws li kev hloov pauv sai sai yuav ua rau lawv nkag siab zoo dua. zais cia .

Cov khoom, uas yog nyob rau hauv tib qhov kev sib hloov huab, yog nanoparticles txog 170 nanometers wide thiab 320 nanometers ntev, uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim los ntawm silica. Pab neeg tshawb fawb levitated ib yam khoom hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev siv lub laser, uas tom qab ntawd rub nws ntawm qhov nrawm heev. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yuav yog los ua cov kev sim nrog ntau dua qhov kev sib hloov ceev, uas yuav tso cai rau kev tshawb fawb tseeb ntawm cov kev xav ntawm lub cev, suav nrog cov qauv sib txawv ntawm kev sib txhuam hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, koj tsis tas yuav tsim cov kav dej thiab cov cuab yeej loj heev kom ntsib cov kev paub tsis meej.

Xyoo 2009, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tswj hwm los tsim ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lub qhov dub hauv chav kuaj uas nqus suab. Txij thaum ntawd los cov no lub suab  ua pov thawj tias yuav pab tau raws li kev sim analogues ntawm lub teeb-absorbing khoom. Nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv luam tawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv journal xwm lub Xya hli ntuj no, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Technion Israel lub koom haum thev naus laus zis piav qhia tias lawv tsim lub qhov dub sonic thiab ntsuas nws qhov kub ntawm Hawking hluav taws xob. Cov kev ntsuas no tau ua raws li qhov ntsuas kub tau kwv yees los ntawm Hawking. Yog li ntawd, nws zoo nkaus li tias nws tsis tsim nyog los ua kev ntoj ke mus rau lub qhov dub thiaj li tshawb nrhiav nws.

Leej twg paub yog tias cov phiaj xwm kev tshawb fawb zoo li no tsis zoo, ua rau mob siab rau kev sim thiab rov ua dua tshiab los sim cov kev xav me me, tawg paj, yuav tsis yog cov lus teb rau cov lus nug loj tshaj plaws. Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb qhia tias qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim.