Yuav ua li cas yog ... peb tau txais high-temperature superconductors? Kev khi kev cia siab

Lossless cov kab hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob engineering, superelectromagnets thaum kawg maj mam compressing tsheej lab ntawm cov ntshav hauv cov fusion reactors, ib qho chaw ntsiag to thiab ceev ceev maglev rail. Peb muaj kev cia siab ntau rau superconductors ...

Superconductivity cov khoom siv lub xeev ntawm xoom hluav taws xob tsis kam yog hu ua. Qhov no tau ua tiav hauv qee cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Nws nrhiav tau qhov quantum phenomenon Kamerling Onnes (1) hauv mercury, xyoo 1911. Classical physics tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog nws cov lus piav qhia. Dhau li xoom tsis kam, lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm superconductors yog thawb lub magnetic teb tawm ntawm nws ntimlub thiaj li hu ua Meissner nyhuv (nyob rau hauv hom I superconductors) los yog tsom ntawm magnetic teb rau hauv "vortices" (nyob rau hauv hom II superconductors).

Feem ntau cov superconductors tsuas yog ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ze ze zero. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias yog 0 Kelvin (-273,15 ° C). Atomic zog ntawm qhov kub no yuav luag tsis muaj. Qhov no yog tus yuam sij rau superconductors. Raws li ib txwm muaj qhov hluav taws xob tsiv nyob rau hauv ib tug conductor tsoo nrog lwm yam vibrating atoms, ua rau zog poob thiab tsis kam. Txawm li cas los xij, peb paub tias superconductivity tuaj yeem ua tau ntawm qhov kub siab dua. Maj mam peb tab tom nrhiav pom cov ntaub ntawv uas qhia qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qis qis Celsius, thiab tsis ntev los no txawm nyob rau hauv qhov zoo Celsius. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no feem ntau yog siv los ntawm kev siv lub zog siab heev. Txoj kev npau suav loj tshaj plaws yog los tsim cov cuab yeej no hauv chav tsev kub yam tsis muaj lub siab loj.

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub xeev ntawm superconductivity yog tsim ntawm khub ntawm load grabbers - lub npe Cooper. Cov khub zoo li no tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrog lub zog zoo sib xws Fermi zog, i.e. lub zog me tshaj plaws uas lub zog ntawm lub cev fermionic yuav nce ntxiv tom qab ntxiv ib qho ntxiv, txawm tias lub zog ntawm kev sib txuas nrog lawv tsawg heev. Qhov no hloov cov khoom hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv, vim tias ib tus neeg nqa khoom yog fermions thiab khub yog bosons.

Koom tes Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho system ntawm ob fermions (xws li electrons) interacting nrog ib leeg los ntawm cov siv lead ua lattice vibrations hu ua phonons. Qhov tshwm sim tau piav qhia Leona koom tes nyob rau hauv 1956 thiab yog ib feem ntawm BCS txoj kev xav ntawm low-temperature superconductivity. Cov fermions uas ua rau Cooper khub muaj ib nrab ntawm kev sib tw (uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia rov qab), tab sis qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub kaw lus yog tag nrho, piv txwv li, Cooper khub yog boson.

Qee lub ntsiab lus yog superconductors ntawm qee qhov kub, piv txwv li, cadmium, tin, aluminium, iridium, platinum, lwm tus mus rau hauv lub xeev ntawm superconductivity tsuas yog nyob rau hauv siab heev (piv txwv li, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, germanium, lithium) los yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm superconductivity. daim ntawv ntawm nyias txheej (tungsten, beryllium, chromium), thiab qee qhov tseem tsis tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, xws li nyiaj, tooj liab, kub, roj roj, hydrogen, txawm tias kub, nyiaj thiab tooj liab yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm chav tsev kub.

"High kub" tseem yuav tsum tau kub tsawg heev

Nyob rau hauv 1964 xyoo William A. Little qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lub neej ntawm high-kub superconductivity nyob rau hauv organic polymers. Lub tswv yim no yog ua raws li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm exciton-mediated electron pairing, uas tsis yog phonon-mediated pairing hauv BCS txoj kev xav. Lo lus "siab kub superconductors" tau siv los piav txog tsev neeg tshiab ntawm ceramics nrog perovskite qauv pom los ntawm Johannes G. Bednorz thiab K.A. Muller hauv 1986, uas lawv tau txais Nobel nqi zog. Cov tshiab ceramic superconductors (2) no yog tsim los ntawm tooj liab thiab oxygen tov nrog lwm yam xws li lanthanum, barium thiab bismuth.

2. Ceramic phaj ntab saum cov hlau nplaum muaj zog

Los ntawm peb qhov kev xav, "high-temperature" superconductivity tseem qis heev. Rau ib txwm muaj kev kub ntxhov, qhov txwv yog -140 ° C, thiab txawm tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li no hu ua "high-temperature." Lub superconductivity kub ntawm -70 ° C rau hydrogen sulfide tau ua tiav ntawm kev kub siab heev. Txawm li cas los xij, high-temperature superconductors yuav tsum tau pheej yig cov kua nitrogen kom txias, tsis yog kua helium, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws feem ntau yog nkig ceramic, tsis zoo heev rau kev siv hauv tshuab hluav taws xob.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ntseeg tias muaj ib qho kev xaiv zoo dua tos kom pom, cov khoom siv zoo kawg nkaus uas yuav ua tau raws li cov txheej txheem xws li superconductivity nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, pheej yig thiab siv tau. Qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau tooj liab, ib qho siv lead ua nyuaj uas muaj cov txheej ntawm tooj liab thiab oxygen atoms. Kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv mus rau qee qhov tsis zoo tab sis kev tshawb fawb tsis tau qhia tias dej-soaked graphite tuaj yeem ua tus superconductor ntawm chav tsev kub.

Xyoo tsis ntev los no tau muaj qhov tseeb ntawm "kev hloov pauv," "kev tawg," thiab "cov tshooj tshiab" hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm superconductivity ntawm qhov kub siab dua. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2020, superconductivity ntawm chav tsev kub (ntawm 15 ° C) tau tshaj tawm hauv carbon disulfide hydride (3), txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov siab heev (267 GPa) tsim los ntawm lub laser ntsuab. Lub Holy Grail, uas yuav yog ib yam khoom pheej yig uas superconducts ntawm chav tsev kub thiab ib txwm siab, tseem tsis tau pom.

3. Carbon-based khoom uas yog superconductive ntawm 15 ° C.

Kaj ntug ntawm Magnetic Age

Daim ntawv teev cov kev siv tau ntawm cov kub kub superconductors tuaj yeem pib nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tshuab computer, cov khoom siv logic, lub cim xeeb, cov keyboards thiab kev sib txuas, generators, amplifiers, particle accelerators. Tom ntej no ntawm daim ntawv teev npe: cov cuab yeej rhiab heev rau kev ntsuas magnetic teb, voltages lossis tam sim no, hlau nplaum rau kho mob MRI tshuab, sib nqus zog cia khoom, levitating mos txwv tsheb ciav hlau, cav, generators, transformers thiab fais fab kab. Lub ntsiab zoo ntawm cov npau suav superconducting li no yuav tsis muaj zog dissipation, kev khiav hauj lwm ceev thiab rhiab heev.

Rau superconductors. Muaj ib qho laj thawj vim li cas cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob feem ntau ua nyob ze cov nroog tsis khoom. Txawm 30 feem pua. tsim los ntawm lawv Hluav taws xob nws yuav poob ntawm cov kab sib kis. Qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem tshwm sim nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Feem ntau ntawm lub zog yog siv los ntawm tshav kub. Yog li ntawd, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub khoos phis tawj saum npoo yog mob siab rau cov khoom cua txias, uas pab kom cov cua sov tawm los ntawm cov circuits.

Superconductors daws qhov teeb meem ntawm lub zog poob vim cua sov. Raws li ib feem ntawm kev sim, cov kws tshawb fawb, piv txwv li, tswj kom khwv tau nyiaj hluav taws xob tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib lub nplhaib superconducting ntau tshaj ob xyoos. Thiab qhov no tsis muaj zog ntxiv.

Tsuas yog vim li cas qhov tam sim no nres yog vim tsis muaj kev nkag mus rau cov kua helium, tsis yog vim qhov tam sim no tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus. Peb cov kev sim ua rau peb ntseeg tias cov dej ntws hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ntws mus rau ntau pua txhiab xyoo, yog tias tsis muaj ntau dua. Hluav taws xob tam sim no hauv superconductors tuaj yeem ntws mus ib txhis, hloov lub zog dawb.

в tsis muaj zog Ib tug loj tam sim no yuav ntws los ntawm superconducting hlau, uas nyob rau hauv lem generated magnetic teb ntawm lub hwj chim zoo kawg. Lawv tuaj yeem siv los ua cov tsheb ciav hlau maglev (4), uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov ceev txog li 600 km / h thiab raws li superconducting hlau nplaum. Los yog siv lawv hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob, hloov cov txheej txheem ib txwm siv uas tig turbines hauv magnetic teb los tsim hluav taws xob. Cov hlau nplaum muaj zog superconducting tuaj yeem pab tswj cov kev tawm tsam nuclear. Lub superconducting hlau tuaj yeem ua raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws es tsis yog lub roj teeb, thiab lub peev xwm nyob rau hauv lub kaw lus yuav khaws cia rau ib txhiab thiab ib lab xyoo.

Hauv quantum computers, koj tuaj yeem ntws clockwise los yog counterclockwise nyob rau hauv ib tug superconductor. Lub nkoj thiab lub tsheb cav yuav muaj kaum npaug me dua li niaj hnub no, thiab cov tshuab kuaj mob kim MRI yuav haum rau ntawm koj txhais tes. Lub hnub ci zog sau los ntawm cov liaj teb hauv cov suab puam loj heev thoob ntiaj teb tuaj yeem khaws cia thiab xa mus yam tsis muaj kev poob.

4. Japanese maglev tsheb ciav hlau

Raws li physicist thiab nto moo nrov ntawm kev tshawb fawb, KakuCov thev naus laus zis xws li superconductors yuav coj mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab. Yog tias peb tseem nyob hauv lub hnub nyoog hluav taws xob, chav tsev kub superconductors yuav coj nrog lawv lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov hlau nplaum.