Tus neeg tham nrog cov khoom siv thiab vice versa

Pua pua ntawm lawv tau ua. Tons ntawm versions thiab distributions. Qee tus ntawm lawv yog cov kev xav paub tshwj xeeb, lwm tus siv los ntawm ob peb, tab sis lawv tseem ceeb heev vim tias lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub computer thiab network infrastructure. Txawm hais tias muaj coob leej ntau tus, tsis muaj ntau tshaj li ob qho tseem ceeb hauv txhua ntu kev lag luam.

uas yog khiav ntawm koj lub computer. Nws tswj kev nco, txheej txheem, thiab tag nrho nws cov software thiab kho vajtse. Nws kuj tso cai rau koj sib txuas lus nrog lub computer yam tsis paub lub tshuab "lus". Feem ntau, ntau cov haujlwm sib txawv tau khiav ntawm lub cuab yeej tib lub sijhawm, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav tsum muaj kev nkag mus rau lub hauv paus ua haujlwm (CPU), nco, thiab cia. operating system coordinates nws tag nrho, muab txhua qhov kev pab cuam qhov nws xav tau. Yog tsis muaj kev khiav hauj lwm, software yuav tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv, thiab lub computer yuav tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.

Cov neeg siv thiab cov kev pab cuam muaj kev nkag tau mus rau cov kev pab cuam los ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm systems los ntawm kev hu xov tooj thiab daim ntawv thov programming interfaces. Lawv cuam tshuam nrog lub computer operating system. los ntawm hais kom ua kab interfaces (KLI) graphical interfaces tus neeg siv lub npe hu ua GUI (saib thiab: ). Hauv luv luv, lub operating system tso cai rau cov neeg siv cuam tshuam nrog lub khoos phis tawj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg siv lossis cov ntawv thov kev pabcuam thiab khoos phis tawj kho vajtse.

1. Logos ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrov tshaj plaws

Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Haujlwm (1) tuaj yeem pom ntawm yuav luag txhua yam khoom siv uas suav nrog koj lub computer - los ntawm xov tooj ntawm tes i cuab yeej twv txhiaj po supercomputers i internet servers. Piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrov niaj hnub no yog: Android, iOS, GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, lossis z/OS los ntawm IBM. Tag nrho cov tshuab no, tshwj tsis yog Windows thiab / thiab z / OS, yog UNIX rooted. Tsis ntev los no, yog tias koj tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm lub desktop thiab mobile platforms, Windows tsis muaj kev tswj hwm, tab sis yog (2).

2. Kev hloov pauv ntawm kev sib koom ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb rau kev ua haujlwm hauv lub xyoo dhau los tag nrho raws li StatCounter

3. Hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub desktop hauv kaum xyoo dhau los, raws li StatCounter.

4. Hloov pauv hauv lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam sib koom ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv lub xyoo dhau los hauv cov khoom siv txawb, raws li StatCounter

5. Kev faib tawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm hom hauv kev lag luam server hauv 2018

Peb qhov kev ua haujlwm nrov tshaj plaws rau tus kheej lub computer yog: Microsoft lub Windows,, Kua Mac OS X i Linux, nws qhov sib faib hloov pauv ntawm 1-2%. (3) Ntawm cov khoom siv mobile, Android dominates Apple's iOS, uas yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thib ob nrog kev lag luam loj hlob tsis ntev los no (4). Thiab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no neeg rau zaub mov kev lag luam, yuav luag ib nrab ntawm lawv muaj Microsoft cov khoom, txawm hais tias qhov feem pua ​​​​yog maj mam poob, thiab nrog kev sib kis ntawm Red Hat Linux, ob lub tshuab no suav txog li 4/5 ntawm lub khw no (5).

Los ntawm smartphone mus rau server

Microsoft tsim Windows operating system nyob rau hauv nruab nrab 80s. Nws tau ua raws li MS-DOS kernel, thaum lub sijhawm feem ntau siv tus thawj tswj hwm rau kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv thov. Tom qab ntawd, suav nrog thawj qhov hloov tshiab loj hauv xyoo 1987, ua raws li Windows 3.0. Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, qhov txuas ntxiv, Windows 95, tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias Microsoft lub kaw lus tsis tau hloov pauv ntau yam ntawm cov qauv hauv paus txij li Windows 95, txawm hais tias nws tau ntxiv ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau tshiab. Ntau lub ntsiab lus uas peb paub niaj hnub no tau nyob ib puag ncig txij li xyoo 90s, xws li pib cov ntawv qhia zaub mov, lub taskbar, thiab Windows Explorer (tam sim no hu ua "Explorer").

Nws tau tsim ntau xyoo ntau yam sib txawv ntawm Windows. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog lub qhov rais 7 (tso tawm 2009) lub qhov rais Vista (2007) thiab lub qhov rais XP (2001). Windows yog preinstalled rau feem ntau tshiab PCsuas yog suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau nws dominance nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tus neeg siv uas yuav lub PC lossis laptop lossis hloov kho Windows ntawm lawv lub khoos phis tawj tuaj yeem xaiv los ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov system, suav nrog Hwm tsev, kev cob qha cov los yog Qhov kawg.

Ib yam rau sawv daws tshiab Macintosh computers los yog Cov Poppy pre-installed ntawm lub Hoobkas txij li thaum 2002. Apple operating system, tam sim no hu ua MacOS (yav tas los OS X thiab Mac OS X). Kua operating systems yog ib tsev neeg ntawm cov laus UNIX-raws li kev khiav hauj lwm systems officially muaj rau cov kua computers uas tau preinstalled txij li thaum 2002. Lub npe ntawm lub kaw lus tau tshaj tawm xyoo 2016 ntawm WWDC lub rooj sib tham vim qhov xav tau los koom ua ke cov npe siv los ntawm Apple rau lawv cov kev khiav haujlwm (yog li, macOS yog ib feem ntawm cov koob: iOS, watchOS, tvOS, thiab lwm yam).

tshwj tsis yog qub UNIX Lub hauv paus rau kev tsim lub Apple niaj hnub system tau siv yav dhau los NeXTSTeb system nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 80s, yuav los ntawm Apple nrog rau cov chaw tsim tshuaj paus NeXT nyob rau hauv 1996. Qhov kawg version ntawm qhov "classic" Macintosh computer system yog Mac OS 9. Nyob rau hauv 2006, thawj version tau tso tawm rau lub tshiab x86 Macs. - Mac OS X 10.4. Nyob rau hauv 2005, thawj version raug tso tawm, tag nrho sib xws nrog peb version ntawm Common UNIX Specification - Mac OS X 10.5, khiav ntawm PowerPC thiab x86 "macs" siv thev naus laus zis hu ua Universal Binary, uas yog ib hom ntaub ntawv executable uas khiav ntawm ob qho tib si architectures. Raws li cov version no, lub iOS system (keeb kwm iPhone OS), lub operating system ntawm Apple Inc., tau tsim. rau mobile pab kiag li lawm iPhone, iPod kov thiab iPad. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, keeb kwm ntawm Apple lub kaw lus / kev ua haujlwm yog qhov nyuaj dua li Windows.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis muaj dab tsi piv rau kev sib txawv ntawm tsev neeg. lus, nkag mus rau kev khiav hauj lwm systems, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv tuaj yeem hloov kho thiab xa rov qab los ntawm txhua tus neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov software tsim xws li Windows, uas tsuas yog hloov tau los ntawm lub tuam txhab uas muaj nws. Linux Advantage yog tias nws yog "dawb software" thiab muaj ntau ntau yam kev faib tawm (versions) los ntawm qhov koj tuaj yeem xaiv qhov uas haum koj xav tau. Txhua qhov kev faib tawm muaj qhov sib txawv thiab zoo li. Cov kev faib tawm nrov tshaj plaws yog hu ua: Ubuntu, Mint thiab Fedora. Linux muaj npe tom qab lub npe tsev neeg Linus Torvaldsleej twg tsim Linux kernel hauv 1991.

Linux yog thawj zaug faib raws li GNU General Public License hauv 1992. Nws tau loj hlob los ntawm thawj ob peb kab ntawm qhov chaws hauv nws qhov kev tso tawm thawj zaug rau ntau tshaj nees nkaum lab kab hnub no. Cov kab ke no tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm leej twg rau lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj. Yog li ntawd peb muaj ntau pua Linux raws li kev khiav haujlwmhu ua kev faib tawm. Qhov no ua rau kev xaiv ntawm lawv nyuaj heev, nyuaj ntau dua li xaiv qhov system version.

Ntau yam ntawm Linux faib Nws yog qhov txias heev uas txhua tus yuav pom qee yam uas haum rau lawv cov kev xav tau thiab nyiam. Piv txwv li, muaj cov versions uas ua raws li qhov nrov Windows XP. Kuj tseem muaj ntau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Linux, xws li kev faib khoom tsim los muab lub neej tshiab rau cov khoom qub, cov khoos phis tawj qis kawg, lossis kev faib khoom tshwj xeeb uas muaj peev xwm. khiav los ntawm usb drive. Tau kawg, muaj ntau ntau versions ntawm Linux rau khiav servers thiab lwm yam kev lag luam-chav ntawv thov. Linux txais yuav pom zoo Ubuntu ua qhov pib zoo. Qhov no yog qhov yooj yim heev (txawm tias piv rau Windows), tab sis tib lub sijhawm muaj ntau yam thiab ntau yam haujlwm. cov kws txawj kos duab hauv computer.

, yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoos phis tawj desktop thiab laptops, yog li lawv khiav ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm systems tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv mobile. Kev khiav haujlwm rau cov khoom siv mobile feem ntau tsis muaj ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo li cov tsim los rau desktops lossis laptops thiab tsis tuaj yeem khiav txhua qhov kev pab cuam paub rau PCs. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tseem tuaj yeem ua ntau yam nrog lawv, xws li saib yeeb yaj kiab, nthwv dej hauv Internet, tswj koj daim ntawv qhia hnub, ua si, thiab ntau dua.

Kuj tseem muaj kev khiav hauj lwm rau cov servers, piv txwv li. hnyav thiab hnyav hnyav ntxiv. Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm server operating system a operating system rau cov neeg siv nruab nrab? Kev ua haujlwm "ib txwm" tuaj yeem khiav cov haujlwm xws li MS Word, PowerPoint, Excel, nrog rau cov kev pabcuam duab, video player, thiab lwm yam. Nws kuj tso cai rau koj los khiav cov ntawv thov uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua los xauj lub vev xaib thiab tshawb xyuas e-mails. Nws siv LAN thiab Bluetooth kev sib txuas thiab yog pheej yig dua li lub server khiav haujlwm.

Server operating system nws kim heev rau qee yam. Nws lub hom phiaj yog tso cai rau kev sib txuas tsis txwv rau cov neeg siv, muab ntau qhov kev nco loj dua, thiab ua raws li cov servers thoob ntiaj teb rau cov vev xaib, email, thiab databases. Lub kaw lus server tuaj yeem muaj ntau lub desktops vim nws tau ua kom zoo rau kev sib txuas lus thiab tsis yog rau ib tus neeg siv.

Kev khiav hauj lwm systems rau IoT li

Contiki - Ib qho qhib qhov kev khiav hauj lwm qhov system tsim nyob rau hauv 2002, feem ntau yog tsom rau lub zog qis network microcontrollers thiab IoT li.

Android Khoom - tsim los ntawm Google. Nws lub npe qub yog Brillo. Nws txhawb Bluetooth thiab Wi-nkaus yees.

QAIB - muaj lub zej zog tsim tawm loj thiab raug tso tawm raws li GNU Lesser General Public License. Li no, RIOT yog hu ua Linux ntawm lub ntiaj teb IoT.

Apache feeb - zoo ib yam li RIOT operating system. Nws raug tso tawm raws li Apache 2.0 daim ntawv tso cai. Ua haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv ntau lub microcontrollers, cov khoom siv IoT, thiab cov khoom siv kho mob.

LiteOS - tau tsim los ntawm Suav technology loj heev Huawei hauv 2015. Nws suav hais tias muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab sib cuam tshuam.

Zephyr - tau tso tawm xyoo 2016 los ntawm Linux Foundation. Kev sib koom ua ke yooj yim ntawm ntau yam IoT cov khoom siv tau ua qhov kev ua haujlwm no yog ib qho nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

tom yog lub ntsiab OS ntawm Ubuntu IoT. Raws li Ubuntu zej zog, nws lav kev ruaj ntseg zoo rau IoT cov khoom siv.

Tiny OS - Thawj zaug tso tawm xyoo 2000. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm qub tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv IoT. Nws tsuas yog siv wireless sensor networks. 

Windows Internet of Things - yav dhau los kuj tseem hu ua Windows Embedded. Nws tau hloov mus rau Windows IoT nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Windows 10.

Raspbian yog Debian-based operating system tsuas yog rau Raspberry Pi. Lub kernel zoo ib yam li Unix kernel.

Freertos yog qhov qhib qhov kev khiav hauj lwm rau microcontrollers. Nws siv Amazon cloud service i.e. AWS.

Embedded Linux - Linux operating system nyob rau hauv no version yog siv rau ntse TVs, wireless (Wi-Fi) routers, thiab lwm yam.

Keeb kwm luv luv ntawm GUI

Cov neeg feem coob siv kev khiav hauj lwm qhov systemuas tau nruab rau hauv lawv lub computer ua ntej lawv yuav nws, tab sis tau kawg nws yog ib txwm muaj peev xwm hloov, hloov kho lossis hloov nws. Cov kev khiav hauj lwm niaj hnub no siv cov neeg siv graphical interface lossis GUI uas tso cai rau koj siv koj tus nas lossis touchpad los nyem rau ntawm cov cim, cov nyees khawm, thiab cov ntawv qhia zaub mov, thiab txhua yam tshwm sim ntawm qhov screen uas siv cov duab thiab cov ntawv. Ua ntej GUI, lub computer interface muaj cov kab hais kom ua, thiab tus neeg siv yuav tsum nkag mus rau txhua qhov kev hais kom ua rau hauv lub computer, thiab lub tshuab tsuas yog tso tawm cov ntawv.

Lub ntiaj teb thawj graphical user interface yog suav tias yog kev tso tawm ntawm Apple System 1 thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1984. Windows 1, tso tawm lub Kaum Ib Hlis tom ntej, kuj tseem muaj GUI, 16-ntsis graphical user interface. Thaum lub sijhawm, dhau ntawm Apple, cov qauv ntawm cov duab nraaj tau nthuav tawm los ntawm lwm lub tuam txhab, xws li VisiCorp ntawm COMDEX xyoo 1982, thiab lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim Windows GUI yog kev ntxhov siab. Bill rooj vag rau qhov poob ntawm txoj haujlwm hauv IBM PC lag luam.

Nws interface, raws li peb hais, muaj ntau views Windows operating system tso siab rau Pib Ntawv Qhia zaub movuas yog thawj zaug qhia hauv Windows 95 (1995) 6. Pib khawm i Pib Ntawv Qhia zaub mov nrog rau kev tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm los nyiam cov neeg siv khoom mus rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov kev pab cuam tshiab. Thaum Windows 2012 tawm hauv xyoo 8, lub pob ploj thiab tus neeg siv tam sim ntawd raug coj mus rau qhov pib puv npo, uas tau tsim los ua tau zoo nrog cov khoom siv touchscreen tshiab. Lub Start screen tsom rau cov cim app thiab cov vuas koj tuaj yeem nyem rau ntawm, zoo li ntawm Apple bar, tsis yog cov npe ntawm cov kev xaiv thiab cov kev pab cuam uas Windows siv rau Start menu hauv xyoo dhau los.

6. Siv lub Windows Start Button

Xyoo 2013 muaj Qhov rais version 8.1uas coj rov qab lub Start khawm kom nws yooj yim dua rau Microsoft cov neeg siv khoom siv lub tshuab pib. Hauv xyoo 2014, Windows 10 rov qab tau lub pob pib nyiam thiab Pib ntawv qhia zaub mov kom zoo.

Hais txog cov neeg siv paub Apple's doc tau tshaj tawm xyoo 2000 nrog kev tso tawm ntawm Mac OS X hu ua Cheetah. Ua ntej xyoo 2000, cov neeg siv ntawm Apple operating system siv cov ntawv qhia zaub mov saum toj kawg nkaus los pib thiab xaiv cov kev pab cuam, thiab hloov pauv cov ntawv thov uas twb tau ua haujlwm lawm. Thaum lub operating system X 10.5, tseem hu ua Leopard, tso tawm thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2007, Dock (7) tau raug kho dua tshiab siv tib qhov kev pom peb paub niaj hnub no.

UNIX thiab UNIX

Windows systems, Mac OS i ntau yam Linux distributions (nrog rau Android uas yog tsev neeg no) - qhov no tsis yog txhua yam uas lub khw muaj. Nws yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb tias ntau yam khoom sib txawv hauv ntiaj teb no muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ib leeg los yog lwm qhov; Piv txwv li, Linux yog ua qauv tom qab lub qub UNIX system tsim los ntawm Tswb Labs txij thaum 60s lig. Niaj hnub nimno Apple systems los ntawm UNIX. Yog li, muaj kev sib txuas ntawm kev sib txuas, tab sis ntau tus programmers, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas tsim cov tshuab no, sim tsis txhob pom lawv "tseem ceeb ib yam" thiab hais txog qhov sib txawv. Lub npe Linux nws tus kheej yuav tsum yog lub ntsiab lus rau "Linux Tsis yog UniX". Qhov no txhais tau hais tias Linux zoo ib yam li UNIX, tab sis tau tsim tsis muaj Unix code, tsis zoo li, piv txwv li, BSD() thiab nws qhov txawv.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li ib qho cuam tshuam tab sis txawv qhov system yog Chrome OS, tsim los ntawm Google, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub kaw lus yog launching internet apps. Nws muaj nyob rau ntawm ntau yam pheej yig thiab kim laptops. Cov khoos phis tawj preinstalled nrog Chrome OS paub hauv khw chromebooks.

Ib tug ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov saum toj no BSD hu ua FreeBSD (yim). Thawj version ntawm lub system tau tso tawm nyob rau hauv 8. Tam sim no muaj ob qhov ruaj khov versions muaj thiab txhawb nqa: 1993 thiab 11.4. Lub npe FreeBSD tuaj nrog David Greenman los ntawm Walnut Creek CD uas txhawb nqa qhov project txij thaum pib. Tus nom FreeBSD mascot yog dab, cov kab lus tseem ceeb yog "Lub zog ua haujlwm." Vim nws txoj kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ntseeg tau, nws feem ntau siv los ua tus neeg rau zaub mov lossis firewall. FreeBSD yog siv, piv txwv li. ntawm Apache.org, Netflix, Flight-Aware, Yahoo !, Yandex, Netcraft, Sony Playstation 4, WhatsApp.

Ib qho kev khiav hauj lwm uas tsim los rau hauv tsev (kev tswj yooj yim, multimedia) thiab cov ntawv thov hauv chaw ua haujlwm, tig mus Suab lus. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 2002 raws li ib ceg ntawm AtheOS systemuas tau tso tseg los ntawm nws tus kws sau Kurt Skauen. Lub kernel thiab system architecture, zoo li AtheOS project, tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm AmigaOS system.

ReactOS yog suav tias yog clone ntawm Windows, ib tug dawb tus kheej lub computer-type operating system uas yog interoperable nrog ntau yam versions ntawm Windows. Cov kev xav tau suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm siv Windows cov ntawv thov thiab cov tsav tsheb, nrog rau OS/2, Java, thiab POSIX daim ntawv thov.

ReactOS tau sau hauv Cthiab qee cov ntsiab lus zoo li ReactOS Explorer hauv C ++. Cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm ReactOS thov tias nws tsis yog clone ntawm Windows. ReactOS tau tsim kho txij li xyoo 1996. Rov qab rau xyoo 2019, nws tseem raug suav hais tias yog qhov tsis tiav alpha version ntawm software, yog li cov neeg tsim khoom tsuas pom zoo rau kev sim. Ntau qhov kev siv Windows xws li Adobe Reader 6.0 thiab OpenOffice tam sim no khiav ntawm nws.

Tsis yog txhua tus paub Solaris yog UNIX-based operating system uas yog thawj zaug tsim los ntawm Sun Microsystems hauv nruab nrab-90s, tab sis tau hloov npe rau xyoo 2010 rau Oracle Solaris Tom qab tau txais Sun Microsystems los ntawm Oracle. Nws yog lub npe hu rau nws scalability thiab ob peb lwm yam nta uas tau ua kom nthuav daim ntaub ntawv.

Muaj ntau lub tshuab ua haujlwm uas tseem ceeb hauv lawv lub hnub tab sis tsis zoo li AmigaOS lawm; OS/2 los ntawm IBM thiab Microsoft, classic Mac OS, piv txwv li. tsis yog Unix ua ntej rau Apple MacOS, BeOS, XTS-300, RISC OS, MorphOS, Haiku, Bare-Metal thiab FreeMint. Qee qhov ntawm lawv tseem siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam niche thiab txuas ntxiv tsim los ua cov haiv neeg tsawg rau cov neeg nyiam thiab kev siv hauv zej zog.

OpenVMS tsim nyob rau hauv DEC nws tseem. Lwm cov kev khiav hauj lwm yog siv yuav luag tshwj xeeb hauv kev kawm los qhia kev khiav hauj lwm los yog tshawb fawb OS cov ntsiab lus. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib qho system uas ua ob qho tib si yog MINIX. Lwm lub npe, tsuas yog siv rau kev tshawb fawb. Oberon tsim ntawm ETH Zurich Nicholas Virtha, Yug Gutknehta thiab ib pawg ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau hauv 80s, nws tau siv tsuas yog rau kev tshawb fawb, kev qhia thiab kev ua haujlwm txhua hnub hauv pab pawg Wirth. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev khiav hauj lwm uas tsis tau txais kev lag luam tseem ceeb tau qhia txog kev tsim kho tshiab uas cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb ntawm Bell Labs kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sim.

nws zoo ib yam ntau yam kev khiav haujlwm rau cov platforms uas tsis yog PCs, smartphones thiab ntsiav tshuaj. Tau ntau xyoo, cov kev daws teeb meem sib cais tau tsim rau cov ntse TVs, tsheb, saib, Internet ntawm Yam (9), thiab lwm yam. Technically, cov no tsis yog tib lub operating systems, txawm tias lawv muaj cov npe zoo sib xws. piv txwv OS Android TV OS Nws tsis zoo ib yam li peb muaj nyob hauv smartphone. Embedded systems siv nyob rau hauv tsheb, piv txwv li, yuav ua tau ntau yam, nrog rau ntau qhov chaw rau ib tug ntaus ntawv, vim hais tias hluav taws xob systems nyob rau hauv tsheb muaj ntau ntau processors. Txhua tus processor (hauv qhov no, microcontroller) yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm (lossis tib yam) lossis tsis muaj txhua.

9. Kev khiav haujlwm rau Is Taws Nem ntawm Yam

Mobile qhib systems thiab centrally tswj

Kwv yees li 15 xyoo dhau los, nws tau ua tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam kev sib txuas lus mobile. Symbian system, hnub no nws yog qhov tseem ceeb keeb kwm ntawm OS, zoo li PalmOS, webOS. Tam sim no, raws li koj paub, lub lag luam mobile operating system yog tus thawj ntawm Android, ib qho qhib thiab pub dawb software pob tsim los ntawm Google uas muaj cov haujlwm tseem ceeb, nruab nrab thiab cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb rau kev siv ntawm cov khoom siv mobile.

Linux kernel thiab qee cov khoom siv hloov kho rau Android raug tso tawm raws li GNU GPL. Txawm li cas los xij, Android tsis suav nrog cov lej los ntawm GNU project. Qhov no feature distinguishes Android los ntawm ntau lwm yam Linux distributions hnub no. Android operating system hloov tshiab yav dhau los tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov npe khoom noj qab zib (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich). Tau ob xyoos tam sim no, Android versions tau tsuas yog suav nrog hauv kab.

qhov thib ob iOS yog ib tug mobile system, ib qho khoom Apple rau iPhone, iPod kov, thiab iPad mobile pab kiag li lawm. Lub npe tam sim no tau siv txij li xyoo 2010. Lub kaw lus yav dhau los hu ua iPhone OS. Qhov system no yog nyob ntawm Mac OS X 10.5. iOS tsuas yog muaj nyob rau ntawm Apple li vim tias lub tuam txhab tsis tso cai rau kev ua haujlwm rau cov khoom siv los ntawm lwm lub tuam txhab. Txhua software yog tso tawm ib leeg los ntawm Apple Inc. thiab muab faib los ntawm ib qho chaw khaws cia () hauv nruab nrab ntawm AppStore nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau kos npe kos npe cryptographic. Cov qauv kev faib tawm no, txawm tias muaj kev tswj hwm hauv nruab nrab, tso cai tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab mob malware, kev kho kom zoo thiab hloov kho dua tshiab thiab yog li qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov qauv kev nyab xeeb thiab zoo rau txhua tus neeg siv.

Windows Mobile yog Microsoft mobile operating system siv hauv smartphones thiab mobile devices - nrog kov npo los yog tsis muaj lawv. Lub Mobile operating system yog raws li lub Windows CE 5.2 kernel.

Windows Mobile yog qhov kev ua haujlwm tsim los rau PocketPC PDAs, PDAs, thiab smartphones. Tus ua tiav rau Windows Mobile series yog Windows Phone, tau tshaj tawm rau lub Cuaj Hlis 27, 2011. Xyoo 2015, Microsoft tau rov qab mus rau nws lub npe qub nrog kev qhia txog Windows 10 Mobile operating system, tab sis qhov system no tsis koom nrog Windows Mobile tsev neeg, uas yog raws li Windows CE ntsiav. Nws belongs rau tsev neeg Windows 10 ua ib feem ntawm kev tsim lub ntiaj teb platform hu ua Universal Windows Platform.

Lwm qhov kev paub hauv kev lag luam mobile OS yog BlackBerryOS, yog ib tug tswv mobile operating system tsim los ntawm Research In Motion rau siv ntawm BlackBerry handheld li nrov ntau xyoo dhau los. BlackBerry platform tau nrov nrog cov neeg siv khoom lag luam vim tias, thaum ua ke nrog BlackBerry Enterprise Server, nws muab synchronization nrog Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, Novell GroupWise email, thiab lwm yam lag luam software.

Muaj lwm cov lus pom tsawg dua xws li Bada, Samsung operating system rau cov xov tooj ntawm tesuas yog launched nyob rau hauv 2010. Thawj lub smartphone siv nws yog Samsung Wave. Kev khiav haujlwm qhov no nyob rau hauv lem Linux faib, tau tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm Moblin faib (tsim los ntawm Intel) thiab Niam (Kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Nokia) rau ntau yam khoom siv txawb thiab kev siv xws li tsheb, yachts, xov tooj, netbooks lossis ntsiav tshuaj. Kev nthuav qhia ntawm thawj lub xov tooj ntawm tes nrog MeeGo v1.2, Nokia N9, tau tshwm sim rau lub Rau Hli 21, 2011.

Zoo siab txais tos rau lub operating system zoo

Raws li koj tau pom, kev khiav hauj lwm systems yog swarming. Lawv sawv thiab hloov, ceg tawm mus rau hauv cov tshiab versions, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws tuaj rau tsev neeg thiab Generations ntawm Linuxkom ua tau raws li qee qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Raws li ib feem ntawm no complex thiab multi-txheej evolution, ob peb thawj, yog hais tias tsis txawv txawv, creations tau tsim.

Xws li ib tug txawv txawv tsiaj, piv txwv li. TempleOS, yav tas los J Operating System, SparrowOS thiab LoseThos - lub teeb biblical operating system. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ib tug neeg Amelikas programmer raws li lub tuam tsev thib peb tau kwv yees hauv phau Vajlugkub. Terriego A. Davis. Davis tau thov tias cov txheej txheem nta xws li 640 × 480 pixel daws teeb meem, 16-xim zaub, thiab lub suab tswj tau tshwj xeeb los ntawm nws los ntawm Vajtswv. Nws tau programmed siv thawj qhov sib txawv ntawm hom C (hu ua HolyC) thiab suav nrog, nrog rau lwm yam, lub davhlau simulator, tus sau, thiab cov ntsiav.

Ib qho chaw zoo sib xws yog shrouded hauv post-apocalyptic OS Collapse, tsim los ntawm Virgil Dupras. Qhov no operating system muab txheej txheem ntawm tus kheej tsim tawm i kev txhim kho tus kheej nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv, nrog rau ntau yam haujlwm. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub kaw lus yog tsim tawm ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv qub qub uas tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob tom qab lub ntiaj teb cataclysm.

Lwm tus thawj tsim, Hoops, tau npaj los tsim cov kev paub paub rau cov neeg siv cov tshuab Amiga qub ntawm cov PCs niaj hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sij hawm, raws li nws hloov zuj zus, cov software tau dhau los ua qhov qub, dhau los ua cov khoom qub nrog kev sib txuas me me rau hnub romantic ntawm computers.

North Kauslim paub tias cais nws tus kheej los ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraud. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau software. Cov khoos phis tawj hauv DPR-D lawv tsis ua haujlwm ntawm Windows lossis Apple systems, tab sis ntawm Red Star (Pulgunbyol). UNIX-based operating system tau tsim muaj nyob rau ntawm National Computer Center thiab suav nrog kev hloov kho browser raws li Firefoxuas tso cai rau koj nkag mus rau lub vev xaib niaj hnub, cov ntawv nyeem, thiab txawm tias ua si. Lub Hnub Qub Liab kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv xws li cov cim dej cim uas cim tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv nrog tus lej cim tshwj xeeb kom lawv tuaj yeem taug qab, nrog rau kev nkag mus rau sab nraum qab rau cov koom haum txawj ntse Korean.

Nws yog xeeb me ntsis li Sabili system, tseem hu ua "Ubuntu Muslim Edition". Sabily yog nws tus kheej Linux faib. launched hauv 2007 los pab cov neeg Muslim. Ntxiv rau cov qauv nta muab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, Sabily suav nrog kev txhawb nqa lus Arabic tawm ntawm lub thawv. Lub operating system kuj boasts ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev pab cuam tshwj xeeb, xws li ib tug icon uas invokes Muslim hu mus thov Vajtswv ob peb zaug ib hnub twg, los yog Zakat Calc pab tus neeg siv los txiav txim siab ntau npaum li cas ntawm obligatory alms. Txoj haujlwm Sabily tau txiav tawm xyoo 2011 tab sis muaj nyob rau ntawm ArchiveOS.

Tag nrho ntawm quirks Suicide Linuxuas, tom qab nkag mus rau cov lus txib uas tsis tau lees paub los ntawm Linux tus qauv, formats lub hard drive, uas yuav tsum tau nkag siab tias yog "raug txim". Los yog PonyOS, qhov kev nyiam ua haujlwm tsim los ntawm hauv av los ntawm thiab rau My Little Pony kiv cua raws li lwm qhov tsis pom tseeb, Toaru. Ntxiv rau qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov ponies ntxim hlub, PonyOS muaj ib qho kev nthuav dav - tig GUI qhov rais ntxiv rau lawv cov tsoos shrinking thiab txav mus.

Digital Real World OS

Qhov no yog nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm. Thiab kev khiav hauj lwm systems yog npaj rau nws. Lub tuam txhab Asmeskas Veritone tshaj tawm thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2020 tias nws tau ua tiav hauv kev tsim lub ntiaj teb thawj zaug. Nws cov khoom hu ua "aiWARE" khiav AI algorithms es tsis txhob siv cov kev pab cuam. Default aiWARE suav nrog kev hais lus, ntawv nyeem, lub suab, yees duab, biometrics, kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv thiab lwm yam. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub suab pab ua haujlwm twb tau ua rau hauv cov khoom siv ib txwm muaj thiab muaj nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv thov nyias.

Txij li kev txawj ntse txawj ntse, kev paub hais lus lossis duab, virtual pab i Cov txheej txheem Lub npe hu ua natural interface ntawm cov tshuab yog pib tsim niaj hnub no ib puag ncig tshiab uas tus neeg niaj hnub tuaj yeem txav mus los, nyob, ua haujlwm, yuav, ua si thiab ntau ntxiv, lub tswv yim ntawm "kev ua haujlwm" tsim thiab ntsiag to txav los ntawm lub ntiaj teb. cov khoos phis tawj thiab lwm yam khoom siv khoos phis tawj nkaus xwb rau peb ib puag ncig, ib puag ncig thiab lub ntiaj teb uas peb nyob txhua hnub.

Puas yog yav tom ntej yog "kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb", uas yog, rau cov kev daws teeb meem uas sib koom ua ke ntau dua li kev ua haujlwm ntawm software thiab kho vajtse? Cov kev ua haujlwm tshiab puas yuav sai sai ua kom muaj kev sib cuam tshuam thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tshuab virtual, tshuab thiab lub ntiaj teb tiag? Xws li ib tug system yuav faib tsis tau tsuas yog lub xam cov peev txheej ntawm lub processor, tab sis kuj nkag mus rau peb kev nkag siab, kev saib xyuas thiab kev txawj ntse, i.e. rau peb lub hlwb.

Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm ntau hom kev khiav hauj lwm systems

Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tiag tiag (lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm tiag tiag, RTOS) - kom ua tau raws li lub sijhawm xav tau rau kev ua haujlwm yam xav tau. Cov tshuab zoo li no tau siv los ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tswj hwm lub computer ua haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm. Raws li qhov kev ntsuas no, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tiag tiag tau muab faib ua ob hom:

• nruj, i.e. cov uas qhov phem tshaj (loj tshaj) lub sij hawm teb yog paub thiab nws paub tias nws yuav tsis tshaj;
• soft, i.e. cov neeg uas sim teb sai li sai tau, tab sis nws tsis paub tias lub sij hawm teb ntev npaum li cas.

Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm tiag tiag, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los txiav txim siab qhov twg ntawm cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau muab faib rau lub processor thiab ntev npaum li cas tag nrho cov txheej txheem ua tiav yuav ua tau raws li lawv lub sijhawm txwv. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm systems ntawm hom no yog txuam nrog, ntawm lwm yam, nrog rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv tub rog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub missile tswj. Cov hom kev khiav hauj lwm tam sim no tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam pej xeem, thiab lawv kuj tswj cov khoom siv xws li kev sib pauv xov tooj, NASA Mars landers, thiab tsheb ABSs. Cov piv txwv tseem ceeb yog Windows CE, OS-9, Symbian thiab LynxOS.

Los ntawm txoj kev sib txuas lus nrog tus neeg siv, peb paub qhov txawv:

• Cov ntawv nyeem systems - kev sib txuas lus siv cov lus txib tawm los ntawm kab hais kom ua lossis, ua lwm yam lus, los ntawm kab hais kom ua (piv txwv li, UNIX, MS-DOS).
• Graphics systems - Kev sib txuas lus siv cov duab qhov rais thiab cov cim (GUI). Lub computer tswj tau siv tus cursor nas (piv txwv li, MS Windows tsev neeg, Mac OS).

Los ntawm architecture, operating systems tau muab faib ua:

• tib lub hom phiaj systems. Cov no yog cov txheej txheem monolithic ntawm cov qauv yooj yim tshaj plaws. Lub kaw lus tsuas tuaj yeem ua ib txoj haujlwm ntawm ib lub sijhawm. Tsuas yog ib qho kev pab cuam tuaj yeem khiav ntawm ib lub sijhawm (piv txwv li, MS-DOS).
• Multitasking systems (multitasking). Cov no yog cov txheej txheem ntau qib nrog cov qauv hierarchical ntawm cov lus txib. Lub kaw lus tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ib txhij ua ntau yam haujlwm (piv txwv li, tswj cov txheej txheem luam ntawv thaum kho cov ntawv hauv qhov program). Ntau cov kev pab cuam tuaj yeem khiav ib txhij (xws li MS Windows 9x/Me, NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp). 
• Unified access systems. Cov no yog cov tshuab uas txhawb nqa ib tus neeg siv tib lub sijhawm (xws li MS-DOS, Windows 9x/Me). 
• multiuser systems. Cov no yog cov tshuab uas txhawb ntau tus neeg siv tib lub sijhawm. Lub processor ua haujlwm ntau dhau los, nrog kev hloov pauv ntau zaus uas cov neeg siv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog qhov kev zov me nyuam thaum nws tab tom khiav (xws li MS Windows NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp). 
• Cov neeg siv-server systems. Cov no yog cov txheej txheem nyuaj heev uas saib xyuas cov txheej txheem thib ob uas tau teeb tsa rau ntawm ib tus neeg siv computers. Cov ntawv thov raug kho los ntawm kev ua haujlwm raws li "cov neeg siv khoom" ntawm cov servers uas muab kev pabcuam rau lawv. "Cov neeg siv khoom" sib txuas lus nrog cov servers los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub system, thiab txhua tus neeg rau zaub mov khiav hauv nws tus kheej, cais thiab tiv thaiv qhov chaw nco, zoo cais los ntawm lwm cov txheej txheem.

Embedded system - lub tshuab computer tshwj xeeb uas dhau los ua ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv uas nws ua haujlwm. Nws yuav tsum ua tau raws li qee yam kev cai, nruj me ntsis raws li cov dej num uas nws yuav tsum ua. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem raug hu ua ib lub khoos phis tawj multifunctional tus kheej. Txhua qhov kev teeb tsa yog ua raws li microprocessor (lossis microcontroller) programmed los ua haujlwm tsawg lossis txawm tias ib qho haujlwm. Lub khoos phis tawj uas tswj hwm lub dav hlau Asmeskas Apollo yog suav tias yog thawj lub khoos phis tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, thawj lub khoos phis tawj uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tau siv los tswj LGM-30 Minuteman I missile Windows CE, FreeBSD, thiab Minix 3 yog ob peb yam piv txwv.

embedded operating systems. Kev siv Linux hauv embedded systems hu ua Embedded Linux. 

Mobile operating system (los yog mobile OS) - ib qho kev ua haujlwm rau smartphones, ntsiav tshuaj, PDAs lossis lwm yam khoom siv txawb. Cov kev khiav hauj lwm ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes muab cov haujlwm ntawm lub khoos phis tawj nrog lwm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb rau lub xov tooj ntawm tes lossis lwm yam khoom siv mobile; Feem ntau cov no yog: kov npo, xov tooj, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, navigation, lub koob yees duab, lub koob yees duab, kev paub hais lus, lub suab kaw, suab paj nruag player, NFC thiab infrared chaw nres nkoj. Cov khoom siv txawb muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib txuas lus (xws li smartphones) muaj ob lub xov tooj ntawm tes ua haujlwm - ib qho kev pabcuam tseem ceeb pom rau tus neeg siv, ua tiav los ntawm cov txheej txheem qis hauv lub sijhawm uas txhawb nqa xov tooj cua thiab lwm yam khoom siv. Cov piv txwv zoo: Blackberry OS, Google Android thiab Apple iOS.